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MADELAINE’S STORY

We spoke with Madelaine about her metastatic breast cancer diagnosis, her decision to participate in the FINER clinical trial, and advice to other women who have received a diagnosis.

Being Diagnosed with Advanced Breast Cancer

Madelaine Atkins was 50 years old when she was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008 after finding a small lump in her right breast.

Despite receiving chemotherapy radiation and having surgery to remove her right breast, unfortunately in 2011, Madelaine was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer in her lymph nodes, shoulder, and neck.

We spoke with Madelaine about her diagnosis, her decision to participate in the FINER clinical trial and her advice to other women who have also received a diagnosis.

“Hi, my name is Madeline. I am 64 years of age and in the fabulous year of 2008, I was diagnosed with breast cancer to my shock and horror. It was identified simply through a small lump in my right breast,” she said.

“I basically went to see the oncologist and we sat down, and we’ve done the usual mammogram and the related tests, and he identified that yes in fact I did have breast cancer in the right breast.”

“There were many therapies available to me at the time and I decided to switch it out and basically have my rounds of chemotherapy first, as I had it in my mind’s eye that I was still perfectly healthy. So, I covered all the rounds of chemotherapy.”

“I then had an operation to remove the right breast and the lymph node clearance, and then I opted for the radiation to catch any debris that may still be there,” she said.

“So it actually impacted on my life, and it changed my mindset and the way I looked at things, such as my health and also that life balance. Back then, I was very busy lady heavily involved in work. Work was my main focus and all of a sudden with the diagnosis, that grounded to a halt and I had to reassess my life.”

“The beautiful thing at that point in time was that there were wonderful therapies available to assist me. I participated in looking at different types of therapies, and one of the therapies that were selected was treatment with Amara, which I had great success with for a 10 year period.”

“It was at that time that I realized that previous patients had participated in trials for breast cancer to ensure that those therapies were available for me to use at that stage. So I was very grateful to know that those therapies were there to be had.”

“Unfortunately, in 2011 I was re-diagnosed with advanced breast cancer, and it had reappeared in my shoulder area and then up in my neck and my lymph nodes. It was then I searched for information with the guidance of my oncologist regarding what therapies were available that would best suit my situation.”

Listen to the Podcast

Madelaine Atkins was 50 years old when she was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008 after finding a small lump in her right breast. Unfortunately, in 2011, Madelaine was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer in her shoulder, neck, and lymph nodes.

Participating In The FINER Clinical Trial

Madelaine was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer in her shoulder, neck and lymph nodes.

“I was given information on the FINER clincial trial and I was very much interested after reading the information and what it involved, I also discussed that information with my family and friends. I decided to participate in it because I felt that it was the right thing for me to do in regards to the type of therapy that was available because it basically had a base drug and it also had a placebo too,” she said.

“So, it was a little bit of a mystery as to whether or not you’re getting the real trial drug. But at the end of the day you’re getting a base drug to make sure that you were being covered.”

The FINER clinical trial aims to find out if cancer will remain under control for longer in patients with advanced ER-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer.

Madelaine was offered a place in this study and didn’t hesitate to join.

“Luck happened for me when I was diagnosed in 2008. There were therapies available where I had an excellent quality of life for 10 years and now, I’m back at the same table with another issue, and I feel in my heart of hearts it’s time to look at participating in a trial for me and for others for the future. I feel that the FINER trial is best suited to me.”

“I heard about the FINER trial through my oncologist when I was diagnosed and my cancer had returned, and that it was being a little bit aggressive – naughty cancer that it is. We looked at options, different types of therapies on the table that would be suitable to me, but the one that caught my eye was the FINER trial and all the information was handed in written format.”

“We sat down and had many discussions and that gave me the opportunity to go away, digest the information, have those conversations with my family and ideally at the end of the day I made the decision to participate.”

“I have since been on the trial for approximately five months and my health and well-being have been absolutely fantastic, touch wood, and all of my reports are coming back absolutely wonderful. The doctors are very impressed and so am I. I’ve had that evidence, I get to see my reports, so everything’s transparent and I get to see what’s actually happening.”

“The beautiful thing is if I have questions or concerns my oncologist is always there, and I can approach him at any time. So, I felt very, very comfortable through the whole process and I encourage and urge every woman out there to think about at one stage participating in a trial if they have that opportunity.” she said.

“It’s a shock because it’s not something that you think about. It took the wind out of my sails to be very honest.”

The Importance Of A Supportive Care Team

Madelaine discussed the importance of having a supportive oncologist who listens to your concerns.

“Well, he has his serious moments because he’s a doctor. However, he also can keep the conversation quite light, and he’s been able to deliver information to me slowly and informatively so that I can understand it and take it on. That’s been a beautiful thing to have a doctor that has that care factor. He listens to my concerns and addresses them straight away, so I don’t have that opportunity to make things bigger than what they really are.”

“There’s one thing I’ve learned that is – worry about it when it happens. So, don’t think or take on board the stories that you hear from other people. You are unique, you are an individual person and it’s how you look at life, how you stay positive, who you surround yourself with and having that will to stand up and say, not today, I want to have quality of life.”

“So, you do whatever you need to do within reason of course, to maintain that quality of life and one of the things that is meaningful to me is participating on this trial. It’s given me the opportunity to give back for all those women previously who participated in trials,” she said.

“The medication today that I have, I say a big thank you to them, because it wouldn’t be at that stage that it is now. So we urgently need people to come along and consider the information and start to investigate by having those conversations with their oncologist and make those decisions as to whether or not they’d like to participate for the betterment themselves and their community at large, and for everybody else for the future of the world.”

“When I was diagnosed, I remember the endless crying and crying and then trying to justify that it was okay to cry. But I also remember thinking ‘if the little cancer kids can do it, so can I’.”

Madelaine’s Hope For The Future

Madelaine participated in a clinical trial for herself and for the greater good of all breast cancer patients.

“Well, I’d like to think that I’ve added value by coming along and participating in these podcasts and video sessions. I’ve had a very extensive proactive life, and I’ve been very blessed. But to do this is such an honour really because it allows me to give back and say thank you.”

“I’m just so happy that I’m here today to do that for you.”

GIVE TO RESEARCH HELPING WOMEN LIKE MADELAINE

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ASCO 2022: BREAST CANCER RESEARCH SUMMARY

A summary of the key breast cancer research presented at the 2022 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting.

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO 2022)

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting is one of the world’s largest and most renowned cancer conferences, bringing together leading cancer researchers, including those from Breast Cancer Trials (BCT), to discuss the latest advancements in treatments, clinical trials research and cancer care.

As we enter this new post-COVID era, this year’s conference was held in Chicago and attendees could choose to attend in-person or online, allowing delegates to participate from all over the world.

The following is a summary of the key breast cancer clinical trials research that BCT and other groups presented at ASCO 2022.

DESTINY-Breast04: Establishing Trastuzumab Deruxtecan as a new standard of care for HER2-low metastatic breast cancer.

DESTINY-Breast04 is a global, randomised, phase 3 trial evaluating the effectiveness of trastuzumab deruxtecan compared to chemotherapy, in patients with HR-positive or HR-negative, HER2-low metastatic breast cancer. HER2-low breast cancer (IHC 1+, or 2+/ISH-negative) has not had targeted treatment until now.

DESTINY-Breast04 randomly assigned patients with HER2-low metastatic breast cancer, who had previously received 1 or 2 lines of chemotherapy, and enrolled 557 participants across multiple sites in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Results from the DESTINY-Breast04 clinical trial have shown that the use trastuzumab deruxtecan displayed impressive improvements in progression-free survival by 4.8 months and overall survival by 6.6 months, for patients with HER2-low metastatic breast cancer, compared to standard chemotherapy treatment. This establishes a new targeted therapy for approximately half the patients with metastatic breast cancer.

PROSPECT Trial Results: Some early breast cancer patients may be able to avoid radiation therapy.

Results from the PROSPECT clinical trial have shown that the use of preoperative breast MRI may identify patients with a low risk of recurrence who can safely avoid radiotherapy. The PROSPECT clinical trial was coordinated across Australia and New Zealand, by Breast Cancer Trials recruiting 201 trial participants.

PROSPECT included patients with early-stage breast cancer that appeared to be a single lump on mammogram and ultrasound and were planned for breast conserving surgery. They then had an MRI prior to surgery, and if the cancer was small and confined to a single location within one breast, they proceeded with surgery, but did not receive radiotherapy. This trial found that of all trial participants, an additional 11% had areas of cancer or pre-cancerous change identified by MRI (but not seen on standard scans), that required treatment. After an average of five years follow up, the chance of breast cancer returning within the breast (local recurrence rate) was a very low 1%. Therefore, MRI may be a future option for deciding which patients are can safely avoid radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery without compromising their outcomes. Click for more information.

Reanalysis of BIG 1-98, SOFT and TEXT: Historical early treatment effects of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer in high-risk subgroups.

As published in the ASCO post, results from the combined analysis of three studies revealed that when planning adjuvant therapy for such patients, oncologists should carefully weigh the benefits and toxicities of available treatments, whether alone or in combination.

Data from the BIG 1-98, TEXT and SOFT clinical trials, which compared tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for patients with non-metastatic breast cancer, has been revaluated to assess issues regarding the short-term effectiveness of treatment, while also knowing the long-term results.

Data was extracted on high recurrence-risk patients to inform the understanding of trials that utilised CDK4/6 inhibitors. With two to three years of follow up, the impact of endocrine therapy with an aromatase inhibitor (letrozole, exemestane or anastrozole) over tamoxifen alone provided similar magnitude of results to endocrine therapy plus abemaciclib, which was utilised in the monarchE study. This provides new insight into the effects vs benefits of treatment, while emphasising the importance of long-term follow up in patients on trials of adjuvant therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Click for more information.

Updated FAKTION data showed that capivasertib in addition to fulvestrant extends the survival of participants with aromatase inhibitor-resistant ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer.

The FAKTION clinical trial was a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase two trial that recruited postmenopausal adult women aged 18 years and over with inoperable ER-positive, HER2-negative, metastatic, or locally advanced cancer. Patients all received fulvestrant (as standard of care), and half received the study drug capavisertib.

As published in the Lancet Oncology, 69 were assigned to receive fulvestrant plus capivasertib while 71 received fulvestrant plus placebo. Results from the FAKTION trial found significant improvements in overall survival in the study participants who received fulvestrant and capavisertib. The average survival was 29.3 versus 23.4 months in the capivasertib vs placebo arms, respectively. It showed that the benefit appears limited to those patients whose tumours harbour specific alterations in the PTEN/AKT/PI3K pathway.

The first report of the CHARIOT clinical trial results displayed an overall response rate of 71.4% among patients using immunotherapy drugs in combination with chemotherapy.

Conducted within Australia by BCT, the CHARIOT clinical trial investigated whether using immunotherapy drugs together with standard chemotherapy is safe and effective in treating breast cancer before surgery, and if continuing immunotherapy after surgery keeps the immune system active. Patients had triple negative breast cancer that did not respond to standard anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Data from the phase 2 CHARIOT clinical trial displayed positive outcomes in both safety and overall results in treatment-refractory breast cancer, with patients achieving a clinical complete response rate of 57.1% and an overall response rate of 71.4%. Additionally, from our media release Professor Sherene Loi, the Study Chair of the CHARIOT clinical trial, says that longer term follow up is needed to help determine the overall effectiveness of this treatment approach and the benefits to patients.

“While we have seen some promising results in the pathological response rate of this treatment, the survival benefits of adding ipilimumab to treatment is currently unclear. So, the study will now continue the future follow-up of patients to determine event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS),” Professor Loi said.

Within the surgically removed tissue, 24% of patients had complete eradication of the cancer. Those patients whose cancer was completely eradicated within the breast and nearby lymph nodes had a very good prognosis. Click for more information.

The LUMINA clinical trial: Patients with Luminal A low risk breast cancer have a low local recurrence rate of 2.3% after breast conserving surgery without radiotherapy.

The LUMINA clinical trial, which was sponsored by the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation and the Canadian Cancer Society, assessed the outcomes of women aged 55+ years who had a lower risk of breast cancer recurrence as determined by the stage and subtype of their cancer. Patients underwent breast conserving surgery, also referred to as a lumpectomy or a partial mastectomy, followed by five years of endocrine therapy. However, patients did not receive the radiation therapy that would usually be prescribed following breast conserving surgery.

Patients had Luminal A breast cancer subtype, which accounts for around 30-45% of all breast cancer diagnoses, as indicated by positive oestrogen receptors, negative HER2 receptors and a low proliferative index (Ki67 <13.25%). The primary outcome was a local recurrence rate of 2.3%, meeting the trial’s criteria for success and indicating that radiotherapy was unlikely to be beneficial in this group of patients. This was a single arm trial, without a comparison group. The BCT EXPERT trial is a randomised comparative trial designed to answer a similar question using different methodology to define low risk tumours, the PAM50 tumour genomic test.

Updated KEYNOTE-522 clinical trial results

Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 therapy, has previously demonstrated benefits in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for adults with locally advanced or early-stage triple-negative breast cancer, with a high risk of recurrence. The KEYNOTE-522 clinical trial is the first randomised, phase III trial of immunotherapy in early breast cancer.

This presentation was an update of the KEYNOTE-522 clinical trial, where the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab was used in combination with chemotherapy, prior to surgery and was then continued after surgery. This strategy was found to reduce the risk of recurrence or death by 37%, compared to chemotherapy alone. This update included more detailed analysis of the degree of tumour response, showing that reduced response was linked to greater chance of the cancer returning. These patients remain in need of improved treatment options.

HER3 Update

A phase 1/2 trial of patritumab deruxtecan in HER3-positive metastatic breast cancer indicated worthwhile treatment impact in terms of overall response and progression-free survival. This trial included patients who had already received several other treatments, to which their cancer was resistant, indicating a poor prognosis.

The importance of this trial is that HER3 is a new biomarker that indicates a higher likelihood of response to this specific drug. Patritumab deruxtecan is expected to move into earlier lines of therapy and into phase 3 trials. Some of the patients had triple negative breast cancer, which traditionally does not have a routinely used biomarker to predict treatment effect. This trial opens up a targeted treatment pathway for these patients.

Other Research Presented at ASCO

  • NRG-BR002: Stereotactic radiotherapy and/or surgical resection to metastatic lesions does not prolong progression free survival when used as a treatment option for patients with oligometastatic breast cancer (4 or fewer metastases).
  • PALOMA 2: Among trial participants with previously untreated ER-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer, Palbociclib in combination with letrozole resulted in longer progression-free survival (24.8 months), than letrozole alone. However, the trial was unable to demonstrate a survival benefit.
  • TROPICS-02: This phase 3 study met the primary endpoint of 30% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death in HR+, HER2 negative, metastatic breast cancer with Sacituzumab govitecan, a novel antibody-drug conjugate.
  • SOLAR-1: Biomarker analysis from Phase 3 SOLAR-1 clinical trial, shows alpelisib in combination with fulvestrant has a clinical benefit regardless of Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) mutations and genes that confer CDK4/6 resistance

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BRCA-P CLINICAL TRIAL PARTICIPANTS – KATHARINE & SKYE

Katharine and Skye had never met each other, but they shared something in common. Both women carry the BRCA1 gene mutation.

Being Diagnosed with the BRCA1 Gene Mutation

Katharine and Skye had never met each other but they shared something in common. Both women carry the BRCA 1 gene mutation. This is an inherited gene which increases their chances of developing breast cancer by 70% and ovarian cancer by 40%.

Until now life changing invasive surgery and regular breast screening have been the only options available for women like Katharine and Skye. However, the BRCA-P clinical trial aims to open up a new prevention option for women with this gene mutation. Learn more about participating in the trial here.

BRCA-P is a prevention trial which is testing the effectiveness of a drug called denosumab in preventing breast cancer in women who have a BRCA1 gene mutation. We met with Katharine and Skye to find out how their participation is going and how they found out about this gene mutation.

“My name is Katharine. I was diagnosed with the BRCA1 gene mutation at the start of 2020 when I was 41.”

“My name’s Skye. I found out I carried the BRCA1 gene mutation when I was 25 years old. So yeah, it’s been quite a while.”

“I got tested because a distant family member had been tested for the BRCA gene, and it’s said at the bottom of the form that family members should possibly get tested. So I went ahead and spoke to staff at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and they went ahead and did the test and I came out positive for the gene mutation,” Katharine said.

“I originally got tested for the BRCA mutation after my Auntie was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was 47. And then when my cousin turned 30 and she was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2013. So, all of my family started getting tested at that point which included myself and in 2015 I found out I carried the gene mutation,” Skye said.

Listen to the Podcast

Katharine and Skye had never met each other, but they shared something in common. Both women carry the BRCA-1 gene mutation. This is an inherited gene which increases their chance of developing breast cancer by 70% and ovarian cancer by 40% throughout their lifetime. We met with Katharine and Skye to find out how their participation is going on the BRCA-P clinical trial, and how they found out about this gene mutation.

Initial Thoughts Following Their BRCA1 Diagnosis

“My initial reaction was I was perfectly fine because I basically thought I would have that because my father had died of cancer not long ago. It was probably an hour later that the shock probably hit and then I went ‘now I’ve got to think about what I need to do with my life now I’ve got this because there’s going to be surgeries and drugs, you know I’ve got to look after myself and make sure I don’t get cancer’,” Katharine said

“But I’ve been pretty calm about it all I think because knowing that I’ve got the gene mutation, I’ve been very proactive in doing testing. I make sure I’m doing my screenings every year just to keep on top of it so that you can catch it in time, or get surgeries when I need to get surgeries, and yeah I’ve been pretty relaxed really.”

“I think when I first found out that I carried the gene it was quite a shock but when we were initially in the appointment, I was cool, calm and collected and then as soon as that appointment finished, I just burst into tears,” Skye said.

“I think it was a good year or two until it just started to become more of just normal life, and think, ‘this is just you’re testing week, you’re just going to get your test this week, and you’re going to get your MRIs’. And then the rest of my life just went back to some sort of normality. But I still do get quite anxious and even like a little bit depressed the week leading up to my tests and I guess the week leading up to the results.”

“So, it still does have a little bit of an effect. But for the most part now just normal day to day life, but not overly fun initially finding out.”

The Benefits Of Participating In A Clinical Trial

There are many benefits to participating in a clinical trial, such as the potential to access a new treatment and helping to further research into breast cancer. Another lesser-known benefit is that those who participate in a clinical trial often get more time with their treatment team.

“I heard about the BRCA-P clinical trial through my breast surgeon, she was actually giving me a few options of trials and another drug and this was all happening during lockdowns in Melbourne. So we were doing a lot of telehealth appointments and things like that and then she just mentioned this one and she thought this would suit me a lot better because I was a bit worried about surgery,” Katharine said.

“This is a five-year trial, and I don’t have a lot of breast cancer in my family so I’m not hugely concerned as such. So I thought I could at least give myself five years rather than do direct surgery and have everything removed. So I just heard through the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute through a breast surgeon and she’s the first one who got me onto it.”

“Yeah, so I heard about the clinical trial from my surgeon. We were just at one of our appointments, but it was only maybe two years ago that I first heard about the trial. I’m 32 now so it’s been quite a while of not having any other information in terms of options,” Skye said.

“There was only mastectomy and hysterectomy as options, I didn’t think there was any other path to go down. So to learn that there was a potential path that means that you may not have to go through these really invasive surgeries, it was really great to hear.”

“For people who are considering taking part in the BRCA-P trial I think it’s not that much out of your day to do it. You’d be doing it for yourself and you’re also doing it for future generations. And anything really that helps prevent people having to go through surgery, it’s really a benefit for everybody because no one wants to go through it if they can help it.”

Participating in the BRCA-P Clinical Trial

Until now, life-changing invasive surgery and regular breast screening have been the only options available for women like Katharine and Skye.

“I decided to participate with the BRCA-P trial just because I’m very cautious about having surgeries and I’m scared of hospitals at the best of times. But researching the surgeries, well especially the DIEP Flap, which my surgeon had recommended, it really scares you. The photos are online of the aftermath and just the scarring. I was a bit scared of doing that,” Katharine said.

“So, when this became an option, I definitely thought yes I’ll do a trial. It’s only an injection in your stomach once every six months, and you get a bone density scan, you get your MRIs and all of your scans done, so everyone’s looking after you.”

“I think I decided to participate in the BRCA-P trial because why not? There really wasn’t any risk factors that were worrying in the trial, and there is just a plethora of potential benefits. I personally won’t really find out if I had any benefit of the trial because we won’t get that information for a long time, so I will still go down the route of mastectomy and everything else,” Skye said.

“But it’s nice to know that future generations may only need to deal with a simple injection every couple of months.”

“If anyone was thinking about participating in the trial, it can only give benefit. Prevention is key really, so if you can get checked up every time you go for your blood, you go for your scans, you get a bone density test it sounds like a lot, but it’s a lot for your own health to make sure that you are safe and well, and if something does come up, it’s going to get picked up very quickly.”

Family Support & Being Proactive

“My family were perfectly fine. I think it sort of pushed everybody to be proactive themselves and get the tests done, so my Aunts and Uncles all started getting themselves tested so then they can work out whether their children then needed to get tested,” Katharine said.

“My cousins have all gone out and got themselves tested as well, and some of them are positive, some of them negative. So yeah I think it’s been pretty good within our family that we’ve just got the knowledge. We’ve just gone ahead and make sure we’re getting everyone’s tests and everyone’s looking after themselves and being proactive about it.”

“So, when I found out I had the gene, my family was really supportive. I don’t live with my biological family so, they didn’t have to go and get testing done. They didn’t have to worry about the same thing, so, it was nice to have that support from them but at the same time, I guess I didn’t really have anyone in my family that understood what I was going through either. So that part was a little bit hard, but overall they were just very supportive and just wanted to see what I needed,” Skye said.

“I think it is super important to promote any sort of breast cancer research. I think most people can say that they’ve either been affected by or know somebody who has been affected by cancer, whether it be breast or another type of cancer.”

Skye & Katharine’s Hope For The Future

Skye & Katharine participated in a clinical trial for themselves and for the greater good of all breast cancer patients.

“I think it’s important to help out with clinical trials by donations and by taking part in clinical trials, because if we don’t get this knowledge on different ways of treating or different ways of preventing certain diseases, we will be just stuck in just doing surgeries,” Katharine said.

“This is going to help so many people if it just comes down to a simple drug. So by donating it’s going to help them pull their resources out even further and get more things out there, and options for people rather than just going straight into surgery.”

“So, any sort of research into cancer is just phenomenal, but to do that research, you need donations. So everyone, we need people to donate to this sort of research and we need people to promote it, so then people know that there are options out there and you can do things like a clinical trial to not only help yourself, but potentially help future generations,” Skye said.

SUPPORT THE RESEARCH DEVELOPING PREVENTATIVE TREATMENTS FOR BRCA1

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BEN & MICHAEL KAVICH – RACE FOR A CURE

Brothers Ben and Michael Kavich are using their passion for motorsport to raise money for breast cancer clinical trials research.

Ben & Michael’s Introduction into the Racing World

Ben and Michael Kavich are brothers and race car drivers, who are asking you to support lifesaving breast cancer trials research by donating to Race for a Cure. Race for a Cure was founded by Ben’s wife, Toula, after she was diagnosed with breast cancer following the Bathurst 6 Hour in 2016. Toula’s disease shocked the Kavich family who had already lived through the harrowing impact of breast cancer after Ben and Michael’s grandmother and mother were diagnosed.

Having had their lives disrupted too many times by this insidious disease, the brothers wanted to use their passion for motorsport to help spare as many families as possible from the heartache and loss caused by breast cancer.

We asked the brothers to explain a bit about their introduction into the racing world.

“Our father raced when we were younger touring cars, basically against the likes of Dick Johnson and Peter Brock and in that era, mostly local Sydney stuff, a little track called Amaroo Park, not far from where we’re sitting now,” Ben said.

“But his main focus was the Bathurst 1000 which he competed in from about 1982 I think it was, to 1988 and various other forms of motor racing.”

“So yeah, that was our introduction to it as kids at about ten.”

“Obviously through dad’s business we grew up on a bit of property too. So he would bring old wreck cars home and we would tinker with those cars and we would use them on the property that we had. They were probably actually called paddy bashers,” Michael said.

“That was our introduction and our formal training in terms of how to drive and things like that. I think we were no more than probably eight and ten or something. So we developed obviously a love for the sport from viewing our father race and obviously meeting the likes of those heroes of that era as Ben mentioned, Peter Brock and Dick Johnson.”

“So that’s who we looked up to, and our rooms were plastered with posters of race cars everywhere.

“And at the time when dad was competing, the people looking after his car was the team that Allan Grice was involved in. So Alan Grice became a bit of a hero as we spent time as children at the tracks following all those people around, but he was a very cool guy,” Ben said.

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Race for a Cure was founded by Ben’s wife, Toula, after she was diagnosed with breast cancer following the Bathurst 6 Hour in 2016. Toula’s disease shocked the Kavich family and now the brothers are using their passion for motorsport to help spare as many families as possible from the heartache and loss caused by breast cancer.

A Breast Cancer Diagnosis Close to Home

Ben and Michael started Race for a Cure, after receiving the devastating news that Ben’s wife Toula had been diagnosed with breast cancer.

“So essentially, we had competed in the 2016 6-Hour I think was the first one we did. A couple weeks after that my wife was getting checks done and that had been happening for a few months prior, and she was diagnosed with HER2-positive breast cancer,” Ben said.

“So that threw us for six pretty much at the time. The proceeding sort of 11 to 12 months up to the next 6-Hour was pretty hard.”

“But you know, at different times we’d sit down and try to talk about different things and do different things to deal with the situation. Toula my wife came up with the idea of Race for a Cure when we were sort of, talking about the about the 6-Hour that we were going to do again.”

“And I said, you know, we’d like to do something that is a bit different and helps the community and she came up with that idea basically.”

“She’s very creative, her marketing background kicked in didn’t it? She’s always been like that. She’s has a real flair for it,” Michael said.

“Yes, so that’s where the idea came up and we approached Breast Cancer Trials to see if they would jump on board, which they have been very supportive all the way through and yeah, that’s how it initially started,” Ben said.

“We have a daughter who’s now turning nine this week, and she was not far from her third birthday at that point so, you know, we had a young family, it was it was terrifying.”

The Importance of Supportive Family & Friends

Ben’s wife, Toula was diagnosed on ANZAC weekend of 2016 and he describes the shock that they felt after receiving this devastating news.

“There was a massive shock, it was really difficult to deal with.”

“Looking back on it now, it’s a difficult situation to deal with because you don’t know anything about it. So we focus on obviously raising money and awareness for Breast Cancer Trials and the work they do and their supporters do to support people going through it as well.”

“And that’s very important because when you don’t know where you’re going, it can be very scary, but when you get that comfort that you’ve got people around you to help you, it becomes a bit easier to deal with and that’s what’s happened,” Ben said.

“So, the initial feeling is the feeling of helplessness and as a partner to my wife and brother to Ben and brother-in-law to Toula. You just try and be supportive, try and be there for them, that’s all you can sort of do. But we’re thankful that we have people doing such good work with the Breast Cancer Trials.”

Unfortunately for Ben and Michael, this is not their first encounter with breast cancer. They’ve watched their mother and grandmother also battle the insidious disease.

“Yeah, obviously, I mean, grandmother was diagnosed first you know, and then seeing obviously mum and Toula, and actually my mother-in-law as well, she resides in the UK, but obviously seeing my wife and what she had to go through. You feel helpless as a partner, as a son, a grandson, you’re not sure what to do,” Michael said.

We’re lucky that it was Ben and Toula and obviously their initiative with Race for a Cure, that put us on to Breast Cancer Trials.”

“And I might add, that treating oncologist Professor Fran Boyle has been a massive part of obviously of what we’ve been going through, you know, and initially that’s how we heard about Breast Cancer Trials was through her involvement,” Ben said.

“And going back to your question about how you deal with it and how does it feel, the work that BCT does, but also the work that she’s put in and the help we get from her is massive too.”

“The reason we chose Breast Cancer Trials is because that’s what they do, they help develop those drugs and those treatments too, for better outcomes on a daily basis and for the future, so for me it was a no brainer to support them.”

Ben & Michael’s Hope For The Future

Since starting Race for a Cure, the brothers have raised close to $130,000 for Breast Cancer Trials and they agreed that the support they continue to receive is more than they ever imagined.

“When it was first launched in 2017, we had a majority of the support come from our business suppliers and the support was more than I expected and so was the support from the public, even at the track. Then the ongoing support from both the public and our suppliers and our employees and corporate Australia and in particular Yellow Pages has been far more than I thought,” Ben said.

“There’s another level, I think we could take this to long term, particularly the corporate world that I think could provide even more support, it’s just a matter of trying to balance the family life with the business life and everything else that becomes difficult, but I am surprised at how much support it’s received and thankful for it.”

“But I think after the experience we’ve probably both had, you’d agree Michael that there’s probably more to come.”

“I think so, yeah, there’s obviously, even just within the motorsport community, we’ve had a lot of support from people, other competitors, and I think motorsport is, when you talk with sporting arenas, the community itself is a very, very close community, everyone knows one another and knows someone who knows someone,” Michael said.

“And BCT also because people forget in the background, they’re doing a lot of work on PR and getting the message out there that it’s happening, and running donation pages and all that works there’s, that’s work that they put in has a cost for them. So, you know, the more support they get, the easier it is for them to cope with those costs,” Ben said.

“Yeah, and obviously Kate this year, she was up at Bathurst with us, and she just did a great job for us, it was amazing, and it was great to have her on board and the amount of work that she put in and all the girls back at BCT HQ, it’s great,” Michael said.

“Yeah, it’s a united affair basically,” Ben said.

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LAURA’S STORY

We spoke with Laura about her shock diagnosis, her decision to participate in the Breast MRI Study and her advice to other young women who have also received a diagnosis.

Being Diagnosed With Breast Cancer At 31

Laura McCambridge is a project manager coordinating clinical trials in stroke and dementia at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Melbourne where she lives with her partner and their golden retriever puppy.

At 31, Laura found a lump in her breast and was shortly after diagnosed with breast cancer.

We spoke with Laura about her shock diagnosis, her decision to participate in the breast MRI evaluation study and her advice to other young women who have also received a diagnosis.

“My name is Laura. I’m 31 and from New Zealand originally but I’ve been living in Melbourne for the past 2.5 years,” she said.

“My connection with breast cancer is that in September of last year I found a lump in my breast and I went to the G.P.”

“He thought everything looked fine but sent me off for an ultrasound just in case.”

“The radiologists thought that it was probably fine as well but sent me off for a biopsy just to be safe again, and then when the pathology came back it was cancerous cells unfortunately.”

“So, since then, I’ve been walking through my breast cancer journey.”

“So, I had a lumpectomy and a sentinel node biopsy, and I was lucky that my love nodes were negative, but I still needed to have four cycles of chemo and then I was just about to get started with my radiation journey, but my gene markers came back that I had a mutation in the CHEK2 gene.”

“So, my surgeon thought that it would be best to go for a bilateral mastectomy, and I had that in February of this year, so now I’m kind of finished with my active treatment, which is exciting and just continuing with hormone therapy for 5-10 years now.”

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At 31, Laura found a lump in her breast and was shortly after diagnosed with breast cancer. We spoke with Laura about her shock diagnosis, her decision to participate in the Breast MRI Evaluation Study and her advice to other young women who have also received a diagnosis.

Participating In The Breast MRI Evaluation Study

Laura was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma.

She underwent months of treatment, including a lumpectomy, four cycles of chemotherapy, a mastectomy and hormone therapy.

The Breast MRI Evaluation Study aims to find out the best way to use breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and if it will improve treatment options and patient outcomes, in women recently diagnosed with breast cancer.

Laura was offered a place in this study and didn’t hesitate to join.

“I heard about the Breast MRI Evaluation Study by talking to my surgeon, and I am, I work in research myself, so I was interested in being a participant seeing the other side of research.”

“So when I was meeting with my surgeon, I asked her are there any research studies available through this hospital and she put me in touch with the research coordinator of the Breast MRI Study.”

“I took it from there with her and there was a really positive experience being able to form a relationship with the research coordinator. We’re on really good terms texting each other, and she was checking in not just to follow up with me for follow up assessments but just to see how I was which was really nice.”

The Benefits Of Participating In A Clinical Trial

There are many benefits to participating in a clinical trial, such as the potential to access a new treatment and helping to further research into breast cancer. Another lesser-known benefit is that those who participate in a clinical trial often get more time with their treatment team.

“I have experienced quite a few benefits from being involved with the study, I had more one on one discussions with my surgeon, so I kind of felt like I had an extra layer of care, an extra layer of oversight by being involved with the study.”

“So not just being a patient but also being a participant, I feel like I got a little bit of extra care and I felt more involved with my treatment plan because I knew why I was doing what I was doing.”

“Research doesn’t always have direct benefits to the participant, but what you are almost always guaranteed is to have an involvement in contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the area and I think that’s really valuable and actually quite a cool thing to be able to say that you’ve been a part of.”

“The only way that we’re going to find better treatments and more effective treatments is by doing research, and the only way that we can do research is by people participating by donating, you know, their bodies and their time or by donating money if that’s an option for them.”

The Importance Of A Supportive Workplace and Hobbies

Laura continued to work throughout her treatment but said it wouldn’t have been possible if her workplaces were not as supportive as they were.

“Since my diagnosis, I have had to take some leave from work firstly after my initial surgery, then when I was going through chemo, I took the first week of chemo off when I knew I wasn’t going to be feeling very well.”

“The week following that, I was lucky enough that I was able to work from home, so I didn’t need to worry about the commute, and I didn’t need to worry about people being unwell near me when I was at a lower immunity.”

“And then in the third week, because I was having chemo every three weeks, when I was feeling a little better, I had the option of going into work if I did feel up to it, or just continuing to work from home or taking more sick leave if I if I needed to.”

“So, I was lucky enough to be pretty well supported by my work and by the girls in my team.”

Unfortunately for Laura, running is one of her biggest hobbies for both her physical and mental health. However due to her treatment, she hasn’t been able to “get out there and hit the pavement”.

“It just didn’t feel right for me at this stage, and I just wanted to listen to my body to see what would work best for me and running, wasn’t it unfortunately.”

“That was kind of tough that I wasn’t able to do the thing that helps me to deal with this when I was going through something like this, but it’s fine and I’m looking forward to getting back into exercise now that I’m finished active treatment.”

“I was, yeah, shocked and confused, it took a while to sink in but once I once I had kind of processed what the results were, I worked towards getting my treatment plan and once I had my treatment plan in place, that was when I started to feel better about everything because I could just see what was in front of me.”

Laura works as professional researcher at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and understands how valuable clinical trials can be.

“I am really passionate about research and I think it’s the only way that we can advance our knowledge in the area.”

“The Breast MRI Study was introduced to me and I really liked the sound of it because the idea is that at the moment the government are funding Breast MRIs for patients whose clinical examination doesn’t match what the mammogram says.”

“So for me as a younger woman, my lump didn’t show up on my on the mammogram so it was important to be able to have that extra layer of imaging with the MRI to create my treatment plan to see what was going on in there.”

“But this the funding from the government for breast MRI is limited and the government want to know well why are we doing this? Is this helpful? What are we finding from it?”

“The only way we know that is to do research and find out how it is affecting people’s treatment plans, to know if they should continue to fund it and for more people.”

“While you might not have the direct benefit to yourself, you know that you are going to be helping people down the track help other people in similar situations to yourself and their family members in there, and I think it’s important to contribute to breast cancer research either by being a participant if you are going through that yourself or financially if you are able to donate.”

Laura’s Hope For The Future

Laura participated in a clinical trial for herself and for the greater good of all breast cancer patients.

She said that although research doesn’t always have direct benefits to the participant, you are almost always guaranteed to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in that area.

“I definitely would recommend to other people to participate in clinical trials, it’s a way that you can have the extra contact with your doctor to be able to help other people in the future who are going through this”, said Laura.

“Unfortunately, research does take money to complete, so for my study it does, you know, MRIs aren’t cheap, and we need funding for participants to be able to have these MRIs.”

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THE FUTURE OF GENETIC RESEARCH IN BREAST CANCER

Professor Geoff Lindeman discusses genetics and breast cancer, as well as world first research in the BRCA-P clinical trial.

The Human Genome Project is an incredible medical discovery, essentially giving us the ability, for the first time, to read nature’s complete genetic blueprint for building a human being. It has revolutionised every area of human disease including cancer.

Professor Geoff Lindeman of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (‘WEHI’) and the Study Chair of Breast Cancer Trials BRCA-P clinical trial says, “All cancers are ultimately genetic. They’re made up of mutations that promote the growth of tumour cells. The DNA essentially goes awry.”

We now have a suite of genes that have been identified as having a link to cancer including the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The identification of the BRCA genes was the culmination of a furious international hunt, call it a ‘medical space race,’ with the BRCA1 gene being discovered in 1994 and the BRCA2 gene found shortly afterwards in 1995.

The BRCA genes were identified by looking for genetic mistakes (‘mutations’) in DNA from families that had large clusters of breast and ovarian cancer to find a faulty gene. With further research it has become clear that mutations in the BRCA2 gene can also moderately increase the risk of prostate, pancreatic and even the skin cancer melanoma.

Other genes that have been linked to familial breast (and other) cancer include PALB2, TP53, PTEN, CDH1 and STK11, although the frequency of mutations in the population for some of these genes is very low.  While hereditary TP53 mutations are very rare, the TP53 gene itself is often mutated in breast and other cancers. Prof Lindeman said that some of the lessons learnt in studying familial cancers have proven helpful for understanding cancer more broadly.

Heritable mutations in other genes such as CHEK2 and ATM may also elevate breast cancer risk, but to a lesser extent than the BRCA1 genes. Knowing about mutations in these ‘moderate risk’ genes can be useful, as it helps doctors to tailor advice on breast cancer screening.

The BRCA and other genes described above are known as tumour suppressor genes. This is because they play important roles in preventing cancer by fixing mistakes in DNA that arise during normal cell division that could otherwise lead to cancer.  If a BRCA mutation is present, they are less effective at suppressing cancer. This is why cancers may occur more frequently, and often at an earlier age, compared to ‘sporadic’ forms of cancer.

There has been considerable progress in the BRCA field since the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were discovered just over 25 years ago. There is now a prevention trial ‘BRCA-P’ underway for BRCA1 mutation carriers. In the BRCA-P trial, Professor Geoff Lindeman and his team are investigating whether a drug called denosumab could prove a safe and effective way of preventing breast cancer in women with a faulty BRCA1 gene.

The BRCA-P study has arisen from years of work to identify the culprit cell in breast tissue that leads to breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. It turns out that the precancerous cell is activated by a signalling pathway called ‘RANK’. The drug denosumab, which is already used in the clinic to treat bone thinning (osteoporosis), works by switching off RANK signalling. The research team hopes that denosumab will also be effective at also switching off the precancerous cells in BRCA1 mutation carriers, preventing cancers from developing in the first place. “We are hopeful that denosumab, whose safety profile is well understood, can be repurposed as a prevention drug for women at the highest risk of developing breast cancer.”

Some women with a faulty BRCA1 gene undergo preventive mastectomy, which has been shown to be highly effective at preventing breast cancer. “Most women, however, don’t elect to undergo preventive mastectomy. If the study is successful, denosumab could represent a way for buying women time to delay the decision for mastectomy, or even remove the need for some women.”

Taking a pre-emptive strike at cancer is where Professor Lindeman sees the future of cancer research for women like BRCA1 mutation carriers, who have a strong hereditary predisposition. Professor Lindeman explains that “by identifying the cancer-causing genes and understanding the earliest molecular and cellular events that occur in breast tissue, it should be possible to identify ways of correcting the ‘faulty wiring’, even before cancers arise.”

“The transfer of research in this area has been quite remarkable. In the late 90’s, testing was cumbersome and slow, and focussed on families where there were dramatic clusters of breast and ovarian cancer. Nowadays people affected by cancer can undergo fairly rapid testing for a panel of genes to identify a heritable predisposition. This knowledge is being applied to guide their own management, prevent future cancers, and of course to test family members to see if they are at risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer, so that appropriate surveillance and management plans can be put in place if a mutation is found.”

The BRCA-P trial is the first international trial that hopes to proactively prevent breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. “If we can delay or prevent cancer from happening in the first place that would be a fantastic outcome. Women who take part in the study could benefit and will be contributing to a study that may benefit the next generation women” concluded Lindeman.

For more information about the BRCA-P trial go to: www.breastolution.com.au

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PAGET’S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE

Paget’s disease of the nipple, also known as Paget’s disease of the breast, is a rare form of breast cancer that affects the nipple and the area around the nipple (the areola). It is commonly associated with an invasive cancer elsewhere in the breast. The main sign of Paget’s disease of the nipple is a change in the nipple and/or areola.

How Common is Paget’s Disease of the Nipple?

Paget’s disease of the nipple is a rare form of breast cancer which accounts for around two of every 100 cases (2%) of breast cancer.

What are the symptoms of Paget’s Disease of the Nipple?

As the name suggests, the symptoms of Paget’s disease of the nipple usually involve a change in the nipple and/or areola. Paget’s disease of the nipple always starts in the nipple and may extend to the areola.

Symptoms of Paget’s disease of the nipple may include:

  • Itching, tingling or redness in the nipple and/or areola
  • Flaking crusting or thickened skin on or around the nipple
  • A flattened nipple
  • Yellowish or bloody discharge from the nipple.

The symptoms of Paget’s disease of the nipple may be mistaken for some benign skin conditions such as dermatitis or eczema. Due to the similarities with these conditions, some early symptoms may be misdiagnosed at first.

If you notice any changes in the skin of your nipple or areola, you should consult your GP or doctor.

How is Paget’s Disease of the Nipple Diagnosed?

A nipple biopsy will be used to correctly diagnose Paget’s disease of the nipple. A breast surgeon will perform a biopsy to remove a small piece of tissue from the nipple and/or areola area to examine it.

However, as some people with Paget’s disease of the nipple will also have an underlying breast cancer, your doctor will also do a physical exam, and will request imaging tests such as a mammogram or breast MRI.

How is Paget’s Disease of the Nipple treated?

Treatment for Paget’s disease of the nipple will depend on how much of the nipple, areola and breast is affected.

Breast surgery is the primary treatment for Paget’s disease of the nipple. This may involve a full mastectomy if the disease appears to involve a large portion of the breast, or the removal of the nipple and areola with the breast tissue underneath, known as breast conserving surgery, if it is not extensive.

Radiotherapy is commonly recommended after breast conserving surgery and is sometimes recommended after a mastectomy for patients diagnosed with Paget’s disease of the nipple.

If the invasive cancer has spread beyond the nipple, treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or targeted or hormone therapy may be recommended.

What Are My Chances of Survival (Prognosis) if I am Diagnosed with Paget’s Disease of the Nipple?

If you are diagnosed with Paget’s disease of the breast, but it has not spread further to the surrounding breast tissue, the prognosis is excellent.

If there is an underlying cancer in the breast, survival rates decline as the stage of the cancer increases. Your age, stage of disease and tumour type has an impact on your chance of surviving five years past your breast cancer diagnosis. Those diagnosed with stage one breast cancer have an almost 100% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis, however those diagnosed with stage four breast cancer only have a 32% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis.

Overall, the five-year survival rate for women diagnosed with breast cancer is 91.5%, and 86.4% for men.

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METASTATIC BREAST CANCER

Metastatic breast cancer, also known as advanced, secondary, or stage four breast cancer, is a breast cancer which has spread to other parts of the body such as the bones, liver, or lungs. Many people who are diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer have been diagnosed with breast cancer before. However, for some it may be the first diagnosis of breast cancer.

How Does Breast Cancer Metastasise?

Metastatic breast cancer occurs when cancer cells break away from the cancer in the breast and move through the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels and form a new cancer growth in other parts of the body.

If breast cancer has spread and metastasised, it is still considered breast cancer and will be treated as such. This is because the cells which have spread are breast cancer cells. For example, if breast cancer has spread to the liver, the metastatic tumour in the liver is made up of breast cancer cells, not liver cells.

What Are the Symptoms of Metastatic Breast Cancer?

Metastatic breast cancer most commonly appears in the liver, brain, bones, or lungs (but can also occur in other parts of the body). Depending on where the cancer has spread, the following symptoms may be present. However, metastatic breast cancer can present in many different ways and if you have metastatic breast cancer, you may not present with any symptoms.

It is also important to note that some of these symptoms may not be due to metastatic breast cancer.

Bone metastasis: If breast cancer has spread to the bones, the most common symptom is a new pain or ache in the bone. Breast cancer can spread to any bone but is most commonly found in the ribs, spine, pelvis, arms, or legs.

Brain metastasis: If breast cancer has spread to the brain, you may have headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision or speech changes or memory problems. In some rare cases, symptoms can include seizures, confusion, or a change in personality.

Liver metastasis: If breast cancer has spread to the liver, symptoms may include weight loss, tiredness, and discomfort on the right side of the abdomen or stomach where the liver is located. Other less common symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, jaundice and swelling of the abdomen.

Lung metastasis: Most commonly, the first symptom that breast cancer has spread to the lungs is a shortness of breath or a dry cough. Other less common symptoms include chest pain or a feeling of heaviness in the chest. However, it is common for breast cancer which has spread to the lung or lungs to present with no symptoms.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important not to panic as this may not mean your breast cancer has spread.

Consult with your doctor if you have any concerns regarding your health.

How is Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosed?

If your doctor suspects your breast cancer has metastasised, they will organise specific tests dependent on where they believe the cancer has spread.

To diagnose bone metastases: Bone scan, Xray, CT scan, MRI, PET scan and/or blood test.

To diagnose lung metastases: Examination of mucus under microscope, bronchoscopy, lung needle biopsy and/or surgery.

To diagnose brain metastases: MRI – often with contrast solution and a biopsy may be necessary in rare occasions.

To diagnose liver metastases: Liver function tests, MRI, CT scan, ultrasound, PET scan and/or biopsy.

How Is Metastatic Breast Cancer Treated?

Every metastatic breast cancer diagnosis is different and will therefore require different treatments. Despite the cancer growths being in other organs, such as the lung, it is called ‘breast cancer’ and is treated as breast cancer.

The aim of treating metastatic breast cancer is to control the growth and spread of the cancer, to relieve symptoms and improve or maintain quality of life.

Treatment options will depend on what is most likely to control the cancer and what side effects the patient can cope with. Treatment for metastatic breast cancer can include hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.

Why Is Metastatic Breast Cancer Difficult to Treat?

There are a number of reasons why metastatic breast cancer is difficult to treat.

One reason is that many who are diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer have already been exposed to therapeutic drug treatments and the cancer has therefore have already had an opportunity to acquire some resistance. Another reason is that there is less of an opportunity to remove the cancer surgically, as the cancer has spread and become larger than it was in the primary site. Surgery is typically not used for metastatic breast cancer, apart from highly selected cases. There may also be additional genetic events that have occurred during the course the disease which, over the period of time while the cancer is regrowing, have made them more resistant to therapies.

Researchers are working to better understand why breast cancer metastasises, so they can create new and better targeted treatments.

Are There Different Kinds of Metastatic Breast Cancer?

Yes. Metastatic breast cancer means the disease has spread from the original breast cancer site located in the breast. It means it has spread to other organs in the body, most commonly the bones, liver, lungs, or brain. Metastatic breast cancer can be one of four different molecular subtypes; Luminal A (Hormone Receptor Positive HER2 Negative (HR+/HER2-) Breast Cancer), Luminal B (High grade, Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2 positive or negative (HR+/HER2+) Breast Cancer), HER2 positive breast cancer or triple negative breast cancer. The subtype of breast cancer, and the location it has metastasised will determine how the cancer is treated.

How Common is Metastatic Breast Cancer?

According to the latest data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, approximately 4.6% of breast cancers diagnosed each year in Australia are stage 4. New Zealand’s incidence rates are similar.

What Are My Chances of Survival (Prognosis) If I Am Diagnosed with Metastatic Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer survival is measured in 5-year relative survival. This means how many people diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive five years after their initial diagnosis.

According to the latest data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the five-year relative survival for those diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer is 32%. The survival rates in New Zealand are similar. This means 32% of people diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer are alive 5 years after their diagnosis.

However, these statistics can’t predict your personal breast cancer prognosis. Breast cancer survival differs and there are many factors that can influence this such as your response to treatment, the type of breast cancer you have, medical history, overall health, age, and tumour growth. You should discuss your personal situation with your doctor and/or treatment team.

Is Metastatic Breast Cancer ‘Curable’?

Currently there is no cure for metastatic breast cancer. However new and better treatment options mean that the cancer can remain under control for longer, sometimes for years at time.

Those diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer will need to undergo treatment for the rest of their lives. If one treatment ceases to be effective in keeping the cancer under control, another treatment regime may be suggested. These treatments are generally given for as long as they are providing a benefit to the patient. The goal is to maintain the best quality of life achievable, and to prolong life if possible.

Every diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer is different, and therefore each treatment regime and prognosis will be different. Your doctor and/or treatment team are best to advise on your personal medical situation.

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LUMINAL B BREAST CANCER

Luminal B breast cancer is positive for oestrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor, is either HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) positive or negative and is a faster growing type of breast cancer, as measured by high grade or high levels of a protein called Ki-67. Luminal B cancers tend to grow faster than the Luminal A type.

How Common is Luminal B Breast Cancer?

Around 10-20 percent of breast cancers are Luminal B tumours. Women with luminal B tumours tend to be diagnosed younger than those with Luminal A tumours.

Luminal B breast cancers are more commonly described by their hormonal status, for example, ER positive/HER2 negative and/or PR positive/HER2 negative. The luminal B molecular subtype classification is based on a special laboratory test of the tumour and is more often used in research circumstances than in discussions with patients.

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What are the Symptoms of Luminal B Breast Cancer?

Some patients diagnosed with Luminal B may not present with any symptoms and are diagnosed on screening mammogram.

When symptoms are present, they may include:

  • A new lump in the breast, armpit area or around the collarbone
  • Thickening or hardening in the breast
  • A change in breast size or shape
  • Changes to the nipple, such as sores or crusting, an ulcer or inverted nipple
  • Clear or bloody nipple discharge
  • Changes to the skin including redness, puckering, or dimpling (an ‘orange peel’ appearance)
  • Breast tenderness or pain

If the cancer has progressed to the metastatic stage, further symptoms may be present dependent on where the cancer has spread. Learn more about metastatic breast cancer here.

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How is Luminal B Breast Cancer Diagnosed?

Luminal B breast cancer will be diagnosed in the same way as most other breast cancers. This includes a mammogram or other imaging tests. A biopsy will most likely be ordered to determine which subtype of breast cancer is present. This will help the treatment team plan treatment for the cancer.

If the breast cancer has spread and metastasised, further tests may be required to determine the size and location of the metastatic breast cancer.

How is Luminal B Breast Cancer Treated?

As Luminal B cancers are hormone receptor positive, patients with early-stage breast cancer who undergo breast surgery may receive hormonal treatments to block hormones from fuelling cancer growth.

These can include drugs such as tamoxifen, anastrozole or letrozole which are to be taken daily for at least five years in the case of early-stage breast cancer, after all other breast cancer treatments are completed.

Other treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In the case of metastatic breast cancer, hormonal treatments are also used and continue for as long as they are providing a benefit to the patient.

If the cancer is HER2 positive, treatment will also likely include a HER2 targeted drug such as trastuzumab (Herceptin). The most commonly used HER2 targeted therapy is trastuzumab, sometimes in combination with pertuzumab.

This was proven to help reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence in the early-stage breast cancer by 46%, in the Breast Cancer Trials HERA clinical trial. If the cancer is metastatic, other targeted therapies including pertuzumab (Perjeta), T-DM1 (Kadcyla) or lapatinib (Tykerb) may be used.

Learn more about Dawn’s breast cancer experience as a HERA trial participant, and how the participation of thousands of women in this research has saved lives.

What are my chances of survival (prognosis) if I am diagnosed with Luminal B Breast Cancer?

Patients with Luminal B breast cancer tend to have good survival rates, however not as high as Luminal A breast cancers. This is because Luminal B breast cancer is more aggressive and may grow and spread faster than a Luminal A breast cancer.

However, your age, stage of disease and tumour type has the greatest impact on your chance of survival. Those diagnosed with stage one breast cancer have an almost 100% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis, however those diagnosed with stage four (metastatic) breast cancer only have a 32% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis.

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Overall, the five-year survival rate for women diagnosed with breast cancer is 91.5%, and 86.4% for men. Click here to find out more about male breast cancer.

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LUMINAL A BREAST CANCER?

Luminal A breast cancer is positive for oestrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor and negative for HER2, which stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. These are all growth signals that may be present on breast cancer cells. HER2 is a protein normally produced by the body. If a patient is HER2 negative it means they have a normal amount of HER2 protein.

How Common is Luminal A Breast Cancer?

Luminal A breast cancer is the most common subtype of breast cancer. It accounts for around 30-45% of all breast cancers diagnosed. Luminal A breast cancers are more commonly described as hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative, ER positive/HER2 negative, PR positive/HER2 negative or ER positive/PR positive/HER2 negative. The luminal A molecular subtype classification requires a special test to be done on a sample of the cancer and is more often used in research circumstances than in discussions with patients.

What are the Symptoms of Luminal A Breast Cancer?

Some patients diagnosed with Luminal A may not present with any symptoms and are diagnosed on screening mammogram. When symptoms are present, they may include:

  • A new lump in the breast, armpit area or around the collarbone
  • Thickening or hardening in the breast
  • A change in breast size or shape
  • Changes to the nipple, such as sores or crusting, an ulcer or inverted nipple
  • Clear or bloody nipple discharge
  • Changes to the skin including redness, puckering, or dimpling (an ‘orange peel’ appearance)
  • Breast tenderness or pain

If the cancer has progressed to the metastatic stage, further symptoms may be present depending on where the cancer has spread. Learn more about metastatic breast cancer here.

How is Luminal A Breast Cancer Diagnosed?

Luminal A breast cancer will be diagnosed in the same way as most other breast cancers. This includes a mammogram or other imaging tests. A biopsy will most likely be ordered to determine which subtype of breast cancer is present. This will help the treatment team plan treatment for the cancer.

If the breast cancer has spread and metastasised, further tests may be required to determine the size and location of the metastatic breast cancer.

How is Luminal A Breast Cancer Treated?

As Luminal A cancers are hormone receptor positive, patients with early-stage breast cancer who undergo breast surgery may receive hormonal treatments to block hormones from fuelling cancer growth. These can include drugs such as tamoxifen, anastrozole or letrozole which are taken daily for at least five years after all other breast cancer treatments are completed. These treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Luminal A breast cancer may also present as metastatic, and hormone blocking medications are also used in that situation, often along with other medications to control the cancer for as long as possible. In the case of metastatic cancer, the medications continue for as long as they are effective and tolerable.

What are my chances of survival (prognosis) if I am diagnosed with Luminal A Breast Cancer?

Luminal A tumours grow at a slower rate than other cancer types, which means this subtype has a better prognosis.

However, your age, stage of disease and tumour type has the greatest impact on your chance of survival. Those diagnosed with stage one breast cancer have an almost 100% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis, however those diagnosed with stage four Luminal A breast cancer have a 50% chance of surviving five years post diagnosis.

Overall, the five-year survival rate for women diagnosed with breast cancer is 91.5%, and 86.4% for men.

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LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER?

Locally advanced breast cancer is an invasive breast cancer that is large (typically 5cm or more) or has spread to areas near the breast, such as the chest wall. However, there are no signs the cancer has spread beyond the breast region or to other parts of the body. It also called stage 3 breast cancer.

What is Locally Advanced Breast Cancer?

Locally advanced breast cancer is an invasive breast cancer that is large (typically 5cm or more) or has spread to areas near the breast, such as the chest wall. However, there are no signs the cancer has spread beyond the breast region or to other parts of the body. It also called stage 3 breast cancer.

Stage 3 breast cancer can be stage 3 A, stage 3 B, or stage 3 C:

  • Stage 3A – The tumour is less than 5cm and has spread to 4-9 lymph nodes in armpit or under breastbone. Or the tumour is more than 5cm and has spread to 1-9 lymph nodes.
  • Stage 3B – The cancer has spread to nearby muscles and skin. The tumour can be any size.
  • Stage 3C – The cancer has spread to at least 10 lymph nodes in armpit, or at least one node under breastbone and at least one node in the armpit, or to at least one node near collarbone. The tumour can be any size.

What are the Symptoms of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer?

Some patients diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer may not present with any symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include:

  • A lump in the breast or armpit that doesn’t move freely but feels attached to the chest wall
  • A lump at the base of the neck
  • A red and/or swollen breast (this is called inflammatory breast cancer)
  • Ulcers on the breast
  • Thickening or hardening in the breast
  • A change in breast size or shape
  • Changes to the nipple, such as sores or crusting, an ulcer or inverted nipple
  • Clear or bloody nipple discharge
  • Changes to the skin including redness, puckering, or dimpling (an ‘orange peel’ appearance)
  • Breast tenderness or pain

How is Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Diagnosed?

Locally Advanced breast cancers breast cancers may be large enough that it may be felt as a hard lump during a physical examination, or self-examination. However, these breast cancers may also be diagnosed through screening mammograms. An ultrasound may be necessary to further investigate the spread of disease.

A biopsy may be conducted to learn more about the tumour/s before treatment.

A CT, bone scan are usually also ordered (and in some circumstances a PET scan) to check that the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

How Common is Locally Advanced Breast Cancer?

According to the latest data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, approximately 12% of breast cancers diagnosed each year in Australia are stage 3. New Zealand’s incidence rates are similar. Thanks to the successful BreastScreen Australia and BreastScreen Aotearoa programs, more breast cancers are being diagnosed in the earlier stages which is leading to higher survival rates.

Are there different kinds of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer?

Yes. Locally advanced breast cancer can be one of four different molecular subtypes; Luminal A (Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2 Negative (HR+/HER2-) low grade), Luminal B (Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2 negative/positive (HR+/HER2-/+) high grade), HER2 positive breast cancer or triple negative breast cancer. Locally advanced breast cancer can also be a rarer form of the disease called Inflammatory breast cancer.

How is Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Treated?

Treatment for locally advanced breast cancer will usually involve a combination of breast surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, or hormonal therapies. Commonly, chemotherapy will be given before surgery. However, treatment will differ from person to person depending on the sub-type of breast cancer they have, the extent and size of the breast cancer, the location of the breast cancer, age, general health, and the patients treatment preferences.

What are my chances of survival (prognosis) if I am diagnosed with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer survival is measured in 5-year relative survival. This means how many people diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive five years after their initial diagnosis.

According to the latest data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the five-year relative survival for those diagnosed with stage 3, or locally advanced, breast cancer is 80.6%

However, breast cancer survival differs and there are many factors that can influence this such as your response to treatment, the type of breast cancer you have, medical history, overall health, age, and tumour growth. You should discuss your personal situation with your doctor and/or treatment team.

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WHAT IS LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU?

Lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS is a non-invasive breast condition. LCIS is the name for abnormal cells that are contained to the terminal ductal lobular units (milk glands) of the breast. It is considered a breast change, and not breast cancer.

What is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ or LCIS?

Lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS is a non-invasive breast condition. LCIS is the name for abnormal cells that are contained to the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. It is considered a breast change, and not breast cancer.

What are the Symptoms of Lobular Carcinoma in Situ?

LCIS cannot usually be felt as a breast lump and does not usually present with symptoms sometimes seen in invasive breast cancers. Changes due to LCIS are only sometimes found on a mammogram.

Most cases of LCIS are found when a patient is undergoing a breast biopsy for another reason. Most patients are not aware of any symptoms at the time of diagnosis.

How is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ Diagnosed?

LCIS cannot usually be felt in the breast and usually isn’t visible on a mammogram. LCIS is diagnosed by a biopsy, where small pieces of breast tissue are removed and checked under a microscope in the lab.

How is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ Treated?

LCIS does not require treatment if there are no other abnormal changes to the breast. This is because LCIS typically does not spread beyond the lobule and become invasive breast cancer if it isn’t treated.

However, a woman with LCIS should be carefully monitored as having LCIS increases the chance of developing breast cancer in future. If you have been diagnosed with LCIS, your doctor may recommend more frequent physical exams and screening to monitor your breasts for signs of cancer.

In some cases, breast conserving surgery or preventative medication may be recommended to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer developing in the future.

Is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ Life-Threatening?

Like DCIS, although these abnormal changes can turn into invasive cancer cells, it is not classified as breast cancer as we generally understand it. A woman cannot die from LCIS as the cells are contained to the lobules of the breast.

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