For many women, the worry that a breast cyst may turn out to be cancer can be overwhelming. However, it’s important to understand that breast cysts are generally non-cancerous and rarely develop into cancer.

While it’s highly unlikely for a breast cyst to become cancerous, breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a breast cyst, especially when the lump appears complex or has unusual characteristics when it is scanned using ultrasound or with other types of imaging. This is why it’s crucial to get any unusual lumps checked by a healthcare professional and to follow up with further tests if necessary.

What is a breast cyst?

A breast cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the breast tissue. These cysts are common and usually non-cancerous. Women aged 35-50 are most likely to experience breast cysts, although they can occur at any age.

Breast cysts may feel like smooth, round lumps, and they can be tender, particularly around your menstrual cycle. They’re generally benign, meaning non-cancerous, but it’s still important to get them checked.

A breast cyst may also be completely asymptomatic, and therefore unable to be felt. They are diagnosed with ultrasound or other types of medical imaging.

For those at higher risk of breast cancer without any symptoms (like a lump), tools like iPrevent can be helpful in assessing your personal risk and deciding when to seek screening.

Heidi’s Story

Heidi’s experience began during a routine check-up after a friend was diagnosed with breast cancer in her early 40s. With free mammograms available every two years for women aged 40 and over, it is recommended that women between the ages of 50-74 be proactive and schedule a free mammogram. Women under 40 can also book a mammogram, but it will be a paid service based on a consultation with their doctor.

Her story reinforces the need for vigilance and proactive health checks, particularly when something doesn’t feel right.

Can a cyst in your breast turn into breast cancer?

One of the biggest concerns women have is: Can a cyst in your breast turn into breast cancer? The simple answer is no. Breast cysts are benign and do not turn into breast cancer.

That’s why it’s important to be diligent about checking any breast changes. If you have a lump that you believe is a cyst, especially one that feels different or has grown, it’s essential to have it checked out.  Tools like iPrevent can be helpful in assessing your personal risk and deciding when to seek screening.

While breast cysts are no more likely to turn into breast cancer than any other part of the breast, if you’re at higher risk of developing breast cancer, it’s always a good idea to get an assessment from your doctor.

Can a cyst turn out to be cancer?

A simple cyst will not turn into cancer. If there are unusual features such as those seen in a complex cyst, further tests may be required, and the opinion of a medical professional is highly recommended.

While most breast cysts are benign and not cancerous, it’s understandable to wonder if a cyst can turn out to be cancer. Diagnostic tools like mammograms, ultrasounds and in some cases, biopsies, help doctors determine whether a cyst is benign or cancerous.

It’s important to remember that breast cysts themselves do not turn into cancer, but in certain cases, further testing may be required to rule out breast cancer. If a cyst changes in size, shape, or texture, it should always be re-evaluated by a medical professional.

Can breast cancer be misdiagnosed as a cyst?

Breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a cyst, especially when a lump has characteristics that mimic a breast cyst. Complex cysts, which have both fluid and solid components, may look similar to cancerous lumps on imaging tests.

What are the odds of a comples breast cyst being cancerous?

Certain types of breast cancer, such as invasive lobular carcinoma, can sometimes be mistaken for a breast cyst, particularly when the cyst is complex.

Imaging techniques such as mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs play an important role in helping to avoid misdiagnosis. While complex breast cysts can raise concerns, it’s important to remember that most of them are benign.

Though complex breast cysts are often non-cancerous, the role of medical research is essential in improving diagnostic accuracy. Breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a cyst, especially if the cyst changes in size, shape, or feel, but this is very rare.

Ongoing medical research and advances in imaging technology continue to improve our understanding of such cases. It’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider for appropriate tests and evaluations.

References:

1. Health.com: Can breast cancer be misdiagnosed as a cyst? (https://www.health.com/condition/breast-cancer/doctors-misdiagnosed-the-lump-in-my-breast-and-it-turned-out-to-be-stage-3-breast-cancer)

What is triple-positive breast cancer?

Triple-positive breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer that accounts for about 10% of all breast cancer diagnoses. It is characterised by the presence of three key protein receptors on or within the cancer cells:

1. Oestrogen receptor (ER)
2. Progesterone receptor (PR)
3. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)

These receptors play a significant role in the growth and behaviour of this subtype of breast cancer. When these proteins are present, the tumour cells may be more sensitive to certain types of treatment.

Characteristics of triple-positive breast cancer receptors

• Oestrogen receptor (ER) positive: The oestrogen receptor is a protein found on certain breast cancer cells. When oestrogen, a hormone, attaches to this receptor, it signals the cancer cell to grow.
• Progesterone receptor (PR) positive: The progesterone receptor is another protein found on certain breast cancer cells. The progesterone receptor works with the oestrogen receptor to fuel cancer cell growth.
• HER2-positive: HER2-positive means the cancer cells have an abnormally high number of HER2 genes, resulting in an overproduction of the HER2 protein on the surface of the cell. This also fuels cancer cell growth.

How it differs from other types of breast cancer

Triple-positive breast cancer is a subtype that has all three key receptors: oestrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and the HER2 receptors. These proteins can be targeted with treatments to help stop the growth and division of these breast cancer cells. On the other hand, triple-negative breast cancer lacks all three proteins, making it harder to treat.

Additionally, HER2-negative breast cancers do not overexpress the HER2 gene or receptor.

Triple-positive breast cancer treatment

Treatment for triple-positive breast cancer is often a multi-pronged approach, incorporating several types of therapy. These treatments are designed to target the specific receptors and characteristics of the breast cancer, offering the best chance for a favourable outcome.

Standard treatment options

Because triple-positive breast cancer has all three proteins, it can be treated effectively with a range of therapies, including:

• Hormone therapy: Medications such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors are used to block the action of oestrogen or lower its levels in the body.
• HER2-targeted therapy: Drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin) and pertuzumab (Perjeta) specifically target the HER2 receptor, stopping the breast cancer cells from growing.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used for tumours to reduce the risk of the cancer returning and spreading, or when targeted treatments may not be sufficient.
• Surgery and radiation therapy: For localised breast cancer, surgery to remove the tumour or affected tissue is a common treatment, often followed by radiation to eliminate and potential breast cancer cells that may remain.

Breast Cancer Trials has made significant contributions to improved treatments for breast cancer, including:

• Trastuzumab (Herceptin) – the HERA clinical trial
• Tamoxifen – the IBIS-I clinical trial
• Aromatase Inhibitors – the BIG 1-98 clinical trial

Personalised treatment plans

Every individual’s treatment plan is tailored to their specific diagnosis, which can vary based on the breast cancer’s molecular makeup, breast cancer stage, and overall health of the individual. Personalising treatment ensures the most effective therapies are chosen to manage the disease.

New treatments for triple-positive breast cancer

Research into new treatment options for triple-positive breast cancer is ongoing, with developments in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These innovations are aimed at making treatments even more effective while reducing side effects.

A study has identified four distinct subtypes of triple-positive breast cancer, each with unique characteristics and potential treatment options. For some patients, combining multiple HER2-targeting drugs works best, while others may benefit from treatments that block both estrogen and HER2, along with additional targeted therapies.

One subtype could respond well to immune-boosting treatments, while another might require drugs that target specific cell pathways within cancer cells.

By continuing to improve the way in which we classify breast cancers on an individual basis, there is increased hope for more tailored, effective treatments to be delivered, improving outcomes for patients with this type of breast cancer.

Learn more about our recent research results:

• The PATINA clinical trial – This trial explored the benefit of Palbociclib in combination with HER2 targeting agents Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab as well as endocrine therapy in triple-positive breast cancer.
• The DIAmOND clinical trial – This trial tests if adding two immunotherapy drugs to Herceptin improves outcomes for people with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Triple-positive breast cancer prognosis

The prognosis for triple-positive breast cancer can be influenced by a range of factors, including age, tumour stage, and how well the breast cancer responds to treatment. Generally, triple-positive breast cancers tend to have a more favourable prognosis compared to other breast cancer types, due to their sensitivity to targeted treatments.

Factors influencing survival outcomes

• Age: Younger women may face different challenges than older women due to factors like hormone sensitivity and how the body responds to treatments including side effects.
• Stage of cancer: Increasing cancer stages indicate more advanced disease. Cancer staging is based on both the nature of the primary tumour and the locations of spread, including to nearby lymph glands. While higher stage cancers are more challenging to treat, advances in therapies have greatly improved outcomes.
• Response to treatment: Triple-positive breast cancer can respond well to targeted treatments like hormone therapy and HER2-targeted therapy. They may also respond well to non-targeted treatment such as chemotherapy. For example, hormone therapy blocks oestrogen or progesterone, HER2-targeted therapy focuses on the HER2 protein, and chemotherapy works by killing rapidly dividing cells. When the cancer responds effectively to these therapies, the prognosis is usually more favourable.

Advancements in survival rates

Ongoing research is helping improve survival outcomes, with some patients being cured of their cancer thanks to advancements in targeted treatments and personalised care.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the five-year survival rate for stage 1 (early) breast cancer is on average 100%, while stage 2 is 95%. For locally advanced breast cancer (known as stage 3 triple-positive breast cancer), the five-year survival rate is 81% and the five-year survival rate for stage 4 or metastatic breast cancer is 32%.

Patients with triple-positive breast cancer who respond well to treatment, have excellent five-year survival rates.

Triple-positive breast cancer recurrence rate and long-term outlook

The recurrence rate of triple-positive breast cancer depends on factors such as treatment response and breast cancer stage.

Long-term follow-up and monitoring are crucial for detecting early signs of recurrence, ensuring timely intervention.

Triple-positive breast cancer survival rate

With targeted therapies, the prognosis for triple-positive breast cancer is generally favourable, though it depends on many factors. An excellent four-year survival rate is achievable for patients with triple-positive breast cancer who respond well to treatment.

According to a study by Naida Howlader, the highest survival rate was observed in women with the HR+/HER2− subtype, with a 92.5% survival rate at four years. This was followed by HR+/HER2+ at 90.3%, and HR−/HER2+ at 82.7%.

Recurrence rate and long-term outlook

Effective treatment reduces the rate of recurrence for triple-positive breast cancer. For many, the first five years post-treatment are critical for long-term survival and those in remission during this time often have a positive outlook.

Factors influencing recurrence

• Response to targeted therapy: Patients who receive effective targeted therapies are less likely to experience recurrence.
• Ongoing monitoring: Long-term follow-up is essential to detect any early signs of recurrence, ensuring timely intervention.

Emerging and new treatments

In the field of breast cancer research, continuous advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy have shown great promise for treating many cancers. Notably, combination treatments and new HER2-directed therapies as being developed.

There are also HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugates that aim to deliver a chemotherapy or radioisotope payload towards a HER2 expressing cell, offering more personalised and effective options for patients.

Staying informed

For the latest information on new treatments for triple-positive breast cancer, you can refer to reputable sources such as Cancer Australia. This platform provides updates on research, clinical trials, and new therapies.

Latest advancements

Emerging therapies focus on improving the precision of treatments and medicine, while ensuring the treatment plan is tailored to personalised needs. These advancements include:

• Immunotherapies and the Panacea Clinical Trial
• Trends in surgery de-escalation
• Surgical techniques
• Hormone therapy
• Targeted therapies.

Breast Cancer Trials’ Role in advancing research

Breast Cancer Trials plays an important role in leading research and testing innovative trials for breast cancer. Their commitment to advancing clinical trials ensures that patients have access to the latest therapies, providing them with hope and improved outcomes.

Genetic and hereditary factors

Genetic factors can influence a person’s risk of developing triple-positive breast cancer. Testing for mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations can help assess the risk and provide information on personalised prevention strategies.

The role of genetic testing

Genetic testing can guide treatment decisions and risk assessment, especially for patients with a family history of breast cancer. Genetic counselling can help individuals understand their test results and the implications for their health and family.

Support Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a leader in advancing breast cancer research by funding crucial clinical trials aimed at testing new treatments and improving patient outcomes. Through this research, Breast Cancer Trials is helping to shape future treatments for triple-positive breast cancer and other subtypes, providing valuable insights that drive progress in the field.

Breast Cancer Trials also offers opportunities for patients to support or participate in this research. Whether you choose to donate or take part in a trial, your involvement helps move research forward so no more lives are cut short by breast cancer.

References:

1. Nature: Molecular classification of hormone receptor-positive /HER2-positive breast cancer reveals potential neoadjuvant therapeutic strategies (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02181-3)
2. MD Anderson Center: What is triple-positive breast cancer? 6 insights (https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-triple-positive-breast-cancer–6-insights.h00-159622590.html)
3. American Assosicaton for Cancer Research: Differences in Breast Cancer Survival by Molecular Subtypes in the United States (https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article/27/6/619/71580/Differences-in-Breast-Cancer-Survival-by-Molecular)
4. Cancer Australia: Diagnosis of early breast cancer (https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/how-breast-cancer-diagnosed/diagnosis-early-breast-cancer)

Breast cancer and alcohol have long been linked and understanding how alcohol affects breast cancer risk is essential for individuals seeking to make informed lifestyle choices.

Cancer Australia states that alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in all women and women who drink one standard glass of alcohol per day, have a 7% higher risk of breast cancer, compared to women who never drink alcohol.

The World Health Organization (WHO) advises that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer increases with each unit of alcohol consumed per day.

Breast Cancer Trials (BCT) conducted a Q&A event on the role and impact of diet and exercise in breast cancer, which included a discussion on the risk factors caused by alcohol.

Does alcohol cause breast cancer?

Alcohol consumption contributes to the development of breast cancer. Cancer Australia estimates that nearly 6% of breast cancer cases each year in Australia are due to alcohol consumption.

Cancer Research UK highlights three main reasons why there is a link between alcohol and breast cancer:

• When we drink alcohol, it’s broken down into a toxic chemical called acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can damage the DNA inside our cells and then prevent this damage from being repaired. This is important because it allows cancer to develop.
• Alcohol can increase the levels of certain hormones in the body, including oestrogen. We know that high levels of oestrogen can fuel the development of breast cancer, which is an important factor to keep in mind.
• Alcohol also makes it easier for cells in the mouth and throat to absorb other cancer-causing chemicals. This is probably more important for other cancer types linked to alcohol rather than breast cancer.

There have been many studies that have confirmed the link between alcohol and breast cancer, which are contained in a Cancer Australia report titled ‘Risk factors for breast cancer: A review of the evidence 2018.’ It includes evidence from:

• The International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012), who concluded that there is ‘sufficient evidence’ that ‘alcohol consumption causes cancer of the breast.’
• Alcohol and breast cancer risk new findings include a 2018 research project by the World Cancer Research Fund International and the American Institute for Cancer Research shed important light on this connection. The study, which analysed evidence from 62 separate studies, highlights the growing body of research linking alcohol consumption to an increased risk of breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Trials encourages individuals to assess their breast cancer risk using tools like iPrevent.

How much does alcohol increase breast cancer risk?

The connection between alcohol and breast cancer risk is dose-dependent, meaning the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of developing breast cancer. Studies indicate that for every additional 10 grams of alcohol (roughly one standard drink) consumed per day, the risk of breast cancer increases by 7% (National Cancer Institute).

Even light drinking, up to one standard drink a day, has been linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer. It is suggested that there is no safe threshold for alcohol consumption regarding breast cancer risk. It’s essential for individuals to understand that alcohol and breast cancer are strongly connected, and reducing alcohol consumption can help lower this risk.

Research by Turning Point Australia suggests that 1 in 15 breast cancer cases and 1 in 5 breast cancer deaths in Australia are linked to alcohol consumption. For more information on ways to reduce breast cancer risk, including through lifestyle changes, visit our article on  breast cancer prevention.

Which type of breast cancer is linked to alcohol?

Cancer Australia states that alcohol may increase breast cancer risk in a number of ways, including helping cancer-causing molecules to enter cells or damaging cell DNA.

The connection between alcohol and breast cancer is strongest with hormone receptor-positive cancers, such as oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers. These cancers are influenced by oestrogen, and alcohol can raise oestrogen levels in the body, which may assist these cancers to grow. However, alcohol has also been linked to oestrogen receptor-negative (ER−) breast cancers. This means that even if a cancer isn’t fuelled by oestrogen, alcohol can still increase the breast cancer risk (PubMed Central).

Alcohol and breast cancer risk after menopause

Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of breast cancer for all women.

Alcohol intake is linked to an increased risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, which are more common after menopause. What makes this even more complex is the interaction between oestrogen based hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and alcohol. Some women use HRT to manage menopausal symptoms. Since alcohol can also raise oestrogen, the combination can further increase the risk of developing oestrogen-sensitive breast cancers.

It’s important to understand how these factors can work together when considering your health choices.

For more information on hormone replacement therapy and its potential impact on breast cancer, you can check out the resources provided by Breast Cancer Trials here.

Alcohol and breast cancer recurrence

For women who have had breast cancer, alcohol consumption can affect the risk of cancer returning. Drinking alcohol raises oestrogen levels, which can fuel the growth of oestrogen-sensitive breast cancers. This can increase the chances of recurrence, particularly for women in remission or those with hormone-receptor positive cancers.

It’s important for those in remission to understand how alcohol and breast cancer recurrence are connected. By limiting alcohol intake, individuals can reduce the risk of cancer returning and help maintain the effectiveness of treatments like oestrogen blocking medications.

What patients need to know about drinking alcohol with cancer

If you’re undergoing breast cancer treatment, it’s important to understand how alcohol might affect your treatment and overall health. Alcohol can interact with many cancer medications, in some cases decreasing their effectiveness or increasing side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and liver toxicity. In addition, drinking alcohol while undergoing treatment can weaken your immune system, leaving you more vulnerable to infections – something that’s especially concerning when your body is already under stress from cancer treatment.

If you’re receiving treatment for breast cancer, it’s essential to have a conversation with your oncologist about alcohol consumption. They can help you understand the potential interactions and guide you on how to manage alcohol intake safely during treatment.

The role of Breast Cancer Trials in advancing research

Breast Cancer Trials is at the forefront of advancing treatments for breast cancer, through clinical trials research.  For more than 45 years, we have conducted a national and international clinical trials research program into the treatment, prevention and cure of breast cancer.

All treatments currently used in the clinic in Australia and New Zealand, have undergone a clinical trial to ensure efficiency and safety of patients. Some examples of cancer care milestones that have been achieved through clinical trials research are:

• Chemotherapy and hormone treatment which are effective for preventing breast cancer recurrence and can save lives.
• Mammograms which save lives through early detection of disease.
• Surgical procedures such as lumpectomies which enable surgeons to safely remove the cancer whilst preserving the breast.
• Drug treatments such as Tamoxifen which can prevent breast cancer in women with an increased risk of developing the disease.
• Personalised and targeted treatments which enables a specific cancer type to be targeted with a treatment that can improve patient outcomes substantially.

FAQs

Is there cancer risk from alcohol consumption?

Yes, there is a strong link between alcohol and breast cancer and each additional drink increases your likelihood of developing breast cancer. Even light drinking can increase risk.

Research from the Cancer Council Australia indicates that alcohol is a known carcinogen and contributes to the development of various cancers, including breast cancer.

Does quitting drinking reduce breast cancer risk?

Yes, quitting drinking can reduce the risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption is causally linked to several cancers, including breast cancer.

No amount of alcohol is entirely risk-free when it comes to cancer, and reducing alcohol intake can help lower this risk. “Even drinking small amounts of alcohol increases the risk of cancer, and the more you drink, the greater the risk” (Cancer Council).

It’s advisable for individuals undergoing treatments to consult with their healthcare providers regarding alcohol consumption. Healthcare providers can offer personalised guidance based on the latest research and the individual’s specific health context.

Sources:

1. Alcohol and Drug Foundation: Alcohol and breast cancer (https://adf.org.au/insights/alcohol-breast-cancer/)
2. Cancer Research UK: Alcohol and breast cancer – how big is the risk? (https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2017/05/25/alcohol-and-breast-cancer-how-big-is-the-risk/)
3. Cancer Australia report titled “Risk factors for breast cancer: A review of the evidence 2018” (https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia-publications/risk-factors-breast-cancer-review-evidence-2018)
4. Cancer Council Australia: Alcohol use, awareness and support for policy measures (https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Community-Survey-on-Cancer-Prevention-Alcohol-Short-Report-2022.pdf)
5. Cancer Council: Alcohol and Cancer (https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/cancer-prevention/alcohol/alcohol-and-cancer)
6. PubMed Central: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor status: in a pooled analysis of 20 studies (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5005939/)
7. Turning Point Australia: Do the women you care about know that alcohol can cause breast cancer? (https://www.turningpoint.org.au/about-us/news/reduce-breast-cancer-cases)
8. National Cancer Institute: Alcohol and Cancer Risk (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet)

About Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a world-leading research organisation dedicated to advancing breast cancer treatments through groundbreaking clinical trials, ensuring the most accurate and up-to-date information on skin changes and other breast cancer symptoms.

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Skin Changes: A Breast Cancer Symptom

Breast cancer can cause visible skin changes due to the underlying tumour affecting the skin, blood vessels and the lymphatic system. It’s important to recognise unusual skin changes and discuss any concerns you may have with your GP.

Common types of breast cancer skin changes

Skin changes that may indicate breast cancer can include: 

• redness, 
• dimpling, 
• thickening of the skin on the breast or underarm, 
• ulceration, 
• scaliness, 
• persistent itching, 
• nipple retraction, darkening or discoloration, and the 
• development ofinflammation, open sores or non-healing wounds.

Changes to skin texture in breast cancer

Some of the following skin changes on breast cancer can occur:

• Skin ulceration and open sores: Advanced breast cancer can invade the skin, causing ulcers or open wounds that may not heal. This is commonly known as a ‘Fungating Breast Tumour’. This type of tumour emerges when the cancerous mass breaks through the skin, resulting in the formation of a wound and can lead to bleeding, oozing, or infection.
• Nipple and areola changes: Cancer can cause the nipple to flatten, retract, or become inverted. Skin around the nipple may become scaly, flaky, or develop a rash, which could indicate Paget’s disease of the breast, a rare type of breast cancer.
• Skin discoloration: The breast skin may turn red, purplish, or darker due to cancer-related inflammation or blood vessel damage.
• Firm, raised lumps under the skin: Cancer can form hard, immobile lumps under the skin, sometimes causing an uneven or bumpy surface. Some describe this bumpy surface like orange peel skin on the breast.
• Itching or burning: Some breast cancers, especially inflammatory breast cancer, can cause persistent itching or irritation similar to an infection, but does not improve with antibiotics.

Examples of breast cancer skin changes

It’s important to see your doctor if you notice any of the below skin changes or breast cancer symptoms:

• discharge from the nipple, 
• growth of the veins,
• pulling on puckering of the skin under the tumor,
• redness, hot skin, swelling,
• a recess,
• resizing of the breast or obvious asymmetry,
• thinning of the breast skin,
• retraction of the skin on the chest,
• destruction of the skin.

Additional breast cancer symptoms accompanying skin changes

In addition to skin changes, breast cancer symptoms can include:

• breast pain, 
• nipple discharge, 
• a deep or hard lump, 
• changes in breast size or shape, 
• a feeling of heaviness or tightness, 
• fatigue, 
• unexplained weight loss, and 
• bone pain.

Holistic symptom awareness for breast cancer involves understanding the physical, emotional and lifestyle-related changes that might indicate underlying issues. This includes:

• Body Awareness: Understanding what is ‘normal’ for you in terms of breast shape, size, and how it might fluctuate over time. Also noticing any tenderness, changes in colour or irregular lumps.
• Mind-Body Connection: Noticing persistent fatigue, stress, or emotional shifts that may signal underlying health concerns.
• Pain and Sensation Tracking: Paying attention to subtle, persistent discomfort, deep aches, or unexplained heaviness in the breast or body.
• Energy and Well-Being Monitoring: Recognising unexplained weight loss, decreased energy levels, or prolonged feelings of imbalance.
• Lymphatic and Circulatory Awareness: Being mindful of swelling in the armpits, neck, or breasts, which could indicate lymph node involvement.
• Intuitive Health Checks: Trusting gut instincts when something feels “off” and seeking medical attention even in the absence of obvious symptoms.

Monitoring and understanding breast cancer skin changes

Skin changes, such as redness, dimpling, thickening, or ulceration, can be early warning signs of breast cancer. These symptoms may indicate underlying tumour growth or lymphatic blockage, requiring prompt medical attention.

Breast cancer symptoms may also include lumps, nipple discharge, persistent pain, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Being aware of subtle changes in the body and discussing these with your GP is essential for early detection.Regular clinical check-ups and mammograms increase the chances of detecting breast cancer early, when it’s most treatable.

Understand your personal breast cancer risk

Using risk assessment tools, like our free iPrevent online tool, can help you understand your personal risk and take preventive action.

About Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a world-leading research organisation dedicated to advancing breast cancer treatments through groundbreaking clinical trials, ensuring the most accurate and up-to-date information on skin changes and other breast cancer symptoms. 

Sign up to our newsletter to stay up to date with the latest breakthroughs.

What is a Breast Cancer Ultrasound?

A breast ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the breast tissue. In contrast, a mammogram uses X-rays and is associated with a very small amount of radiation, and an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses powerful magnets and radio waves but no radiation. Each breast imaging modality creates a different picture of the breast and has unique strengths and limitations.

A breast ultrasound plays an important role in breast cancer detection, particularly for those with dense breast tissue or other risk factors, by providing additional information beyond what mammograms can offer.

Breast ultrasound can be used as a standalone test to investigate a breast symptom, like a lump or change to the nipple, or as a follow up test to investigate a suspicious area on a mammogram. It can also be used to guide a biopsy of an area of concern.

Breast cancer screening involves a mammogram of the breast which has the best evidence for early detection of breast cancer for women over the age of 50. This may lead to an ultrasound or in certain circumstances other breast imaging like an MRI. Screening is vital for early detection, especially for those with a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors. Early detection greatly improves the chances of successful treatment.

One of the main advantages of ultrasound is that it is painless, widely available, and does not use ionising radiation. By providing real-time images of breast tissue, it is useful for distinguishing between suspicious solid masses which may be cancerous and fluid-filled cysts which are often harmless.

Can an Ultrasound Detect Breast Cancer?

A breast ultrasound is an important tool for detecting breast cancer. It can provide information about a mass, and the presence of suspicious features may indicate the need for a biopsy.  It is very effective at distinguishing between suspicious solid masses which may be cancerous, and fluid-filled cysts which are often harmless. However, it is not always able to detect microcalcifications (certain patterns of tiny white small specks) visible on mammograms which can be very early signs of cancer.

An ultrasound is often used in combination with a mammography because the two imaging techniques complement each other and increase the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis. It is especially valuable in women with dense breast tissue or when investigating lumps.

Ultrasounds cannot definitively diagnose breast cancer but can provide essential clues about a mass’ characteristics, such as whether it is solid or cystic. A biopsy is always required to confirm the final diagnosis of breast cancer.

Ultrasounds can also be used to detect whether there are abnormal lymph nodes under the arm in patients with a confirmed breast cancer diagnosis. Whilst this is also not definitive, it is important in determining the breast cancer stage and treatment strategies.

How Does an Ultrasound Detect Breast Cancer?

An ultrasound is helpful in assessing abnormalities in breast tissue. It provides insights into the size, shape, and texture of potential abnormalities, helping doctors determine the need for further testing. Sometimes it can help rule out cancer by offering an alternative diagnosis, avoiding the need for a biopsy.

What Does Breast Cancer Look Like on an Ultrasound?

Using sound waves, an ultrasound can provide information about the features of a breast mass that may not be apparent on a mammogram, especially in denser breast tissue. Breast cancer on ultrasound may appear as an irregularly shaped mass with uneven borders. It can also be echogenic, meaning it reflects more of the sound waves than normal tissue, invade surrounding tissues and have increased blood supply. These characteristics often stand out compared to benign conditions.

Types of Breast Ultrasound and Their Role in Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Different types of ultrasounds are used in breast cancer diagnosis, each serving a specific purpose.

• Diagnostic ultrasound: Used to investigate a breast problem like a lump or nipple changes, or suspicious findings from a mammogram.
• Ultrasound-guided biopsy: Used to direct a needle into a suspicious area of the breast to collect a small sample for laboratory testing. This is useful if the suspicious area cannot be felt or seen on a mammogram.
• 3D ultrasound: Provides three-dimensional images of the breast to improve the detection of small tumours.

How Ultrasound Supports Early Detection of Breast Cancer

When a breast ultrasound is coupled with screening mammography it assists in the early detection of breast cancer. The presence of suspicious features on ultrasound make the diagnosis of breast cancer possible which means that a biopsy may be required. Ultrasound is particularly useful to provide additional information about a mass over what is found on a mammogram, especially for women with dense breast tissue where mammograms might not show all abnormalities.

Ultrasound guided biopsies also play an important role in the early detection of breast cancer as a biopsy is required to diagnose breast cancer. This is particularly useful when the breast mass requiring biopsy cannot be felt or seen on a mammogram.

Breast MRI vs. Ultrasound: What’s the Difference?

Both breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and ultrasound are important imaging tests used in the detection of breast cancer, but they serve different purposes and have unique advantages.

Breast MRI:

Breast MRI is highly accurate and can detect even very small breast cancers, making it especially useful for women with dense breast tissue or those at elevated breast cancer risk. It uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast tissue and is particularly effective at identifying abnormalities that may not be visible on mammograms or ultrasounds. However, breast MRI is more expensive, less widely available, and may not be necessary for everyone.

Breast ultrasound:

Ultrasound, on the other hand, is more accessible and cost-effective, and is excellent at distinguishing between solid masses which may be cancerous and fluid-filled cysts which are usually harmless. While an ultrasound may not detect as many small breast cancers as MRI, it is a valuable tool for evaluating breast lumps and guiding biopsies.

The decision between breast MRI and ultrasound often depends on factors such as breast density, personal and family history, and overall risk of breast cancer. In some cases, these imaging tests are used together to provide the most comprehensive assessment of breast health and make a treatment plan.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What makes a breast lump suspicious on ultrasound?

On an ultrasound, certain characteristics of a breast mass can raise suspicion for breast cancer. Radiologists evaluate these features to decide if further testing, such as a biopsy, is necessary. These can include:

• Shape: Suspicious masses are often an irregular shape, whereas benign lumps are usually round or oval.
• Margins: Cancerous masses may have jagged or ill-defined edges, while benign lumps tend to have smooth and well-defined borders.
• Echogenicity: Cancerous masses may appear hypoechoic (darker) compared to surrounding tissue and may display shadowing on the ultrasound.
• Growth Patterns: Cancerous masses may invade surrounding tissues, altering their appearance on ultrasound. Benign lumps typically remain confined.
• Vascularity: Doppler ultrasound may show increased blood flow in or around a suspicious mass, indicating possible malignancy.

This process helps assess whether a breast cancer lump on ultrasound may need further testing or biopsy.

What does breast cancer look like on an ultrasound?

Breast cancer on an ultrasound may appear as an irregular, hypoechoic mass with spiculated or ill-defined margins. These features differ from benign lumps, which tend to be smooth and well-defined. Malignant tumours may also invade nearby tissue and show increased vascularity.

While ultrasound is not used for routine screening, it is often helpful in investigating breast lumps and reaching a diagnosis in women with dense breast tissue.

What can a breast ultrasound detect?

A breast ultrasound can detect:

• Solid masses (which may be cancerous)
• Fluid-filled cysts (usually benign)
• Changes in lymph nodes
• The exact location of an abnormality for biopsy

It’s especially helpful when a lump cannot be clearly identified through a mammogram.

Early stage breast cancer ultrasound: What role does it play?

While an ultrasound is not used for screening or detecting early-stage breast cancer on its own, it plays a critical role in investigating suspicious findings. When paired with mammography, ultrasound can offer additional detail about a mass and guide biopsy, particularly in dense breast tissue.

Sources:

• https://www.breastscreen.nsw.gov.au/breast-cancer-and-screening/signs-and-symptoms-of-breast-cancer/
• https://www.cancer.nsw.gov.au/prevention-and-screening/screening-and-early-detection/breast-cancer-screening/why-breast-screening-is-important