When someone is diagnosed with breast cancer, the focus goes beyond treating the disease itself. Supportive care plays an important role in looking after a patient’s physical, emotional, and mental wellbeing. It helps to manage symptoms, ease the side effects of treatment, and improve comfort throughout their treatment and recovery.

What’s the meaning of supportive care?

Supportive care refers to treatments and support that focus on improving an individual’s quality of life while they’re receiving care for breast cancer and after their treatment is complete.

What is often included in supportive care?

• Help managing side effects like pain, nausea, or fatigue
• Counselling and emotional support
• Nutritional guidance and physical therapy
• Support with hot flashes, hair loss, or body image changes

Breast Cancer Trials has conducted several clinical trials that have helped transform support to patients, including:

• Preserving Fertility During Breast Cancer Treatment: The POEMS trial studied the use of goserelin to protect fertility during chemotherapy. It found that women who received goserelin were less likely to experience early menopause and had a higher chance of pregnancy after treatment.
• Identifying Patients Who May Not Need Chemotherapy: The TAILORx trial showed that many women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, early-stage breast cancer could safely avoid chemotherapy, reducing unnecessary side effects.
• Advancements in Surgery Reduction Techniques: The IBCSG-23 trial investigated whether patients with cancer in sentinel (or main) lymph nodes could avoid extensive lymph node removal. The study showed that less surgery did not affect survival and helped reduce side effects.

Breakthroughs like these are often referred to as treatment optimisation – making sure patients get the best possible outcome with the least possible side effects.

What is the role of supportive care in breast cancer?

Supportive care has become a central part of breast cancer treatment in Australia. Thanks to advances in research, survival rates for breast cancer have improved significantly over the last 30 years. During this time, research has broadened to not only include studies into improved treatments and preventions, but to also advance our knowledge in how to ensure that patients experience the best possible quality of life during and after treatment.

Clinical trials led by Breast Cancer Trials have improved supportive care by:

• Reducing side effects,
• Preserving fertility
• Helping determine which patients can avoid chemotherapy or extensive surgery

Aspects of supportive care include:

• Managing Treatment Side Effects: Addressing issues such as pain, fatigue, and nausea to help patients maintain daily activities and well-being.​ It can also help patients better tolerate treatment, meaning they are less likely to cease treatment
• Providing Psychological and Emotional Support: Offering counselling and support services to help patients navigate the emotional challenges of a cancer diagnosis and the effects of treatment.​
• Facilitating Physical Rehabilitation: Implementing exercise and rehabilitation programs to help manage side effects, restore physical function post-treatment and optimise general health.​

“What I would love is for patients to have the best possible treatment that helps them live the longest but feel the best.” — Dr Deme Karikios, Medical Oncologist, Nepean Hospital on quality of life outcomes and treatment success.

Supportive care is valuable at every stage of breast cancer, including:

• At diagnosis: Offering clear information, counselling, ensuring psychological support and decision-making support.
• During treamtent: Your medical team will develop a personalised treatment plan that not only includes treating your type and stage of breast cancer, but also aims to help you feel as well and function as well as possible during treatment. This includes addressing physical, psychological, emotional, social and financial effects of treatment. There are a range of support services available to patients outside of their treatment team, including:
  • Online networks to speak with others going through a similar experience
  • Online resources including a library of articles, personal stories, podcasts and videos.
  • Resources to understand finance and practical support
  • Breast cancer support and services in nearby areas
• After treatment: Assisting with rehabilitation, fear of recurrence, and ongoing wellbeing.

Symptom management: easing the burden of treatment

Supportive care aims to ease the physical and psychological effects of breast cancer and its treatment. These symptoms can be different for everyone. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Pain Management: Breast cancer therapy can cause discomfort for several reasons with treatment including both non pharmacological and pharmacological strategies to address the cause of the pain.
• Nausea and fatigue management: Effectively managing nausea and fatigue can significantly improve overall well-being during treatment. Treatment related nausea predominantly occurs around the time of breast cancer treatment The PantoCIN study delivered encouraging results where Pantoprazole completely alleviated delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in one out of eight participants, and the overall group reported reduced nausea.
• Lymphoedema: Swelling in the arms or chest can occur after lymph node removal or the lymph nodes not working properly.
• Hot flashes: Treatments that temporarily reduce oestrogen levels can trigger hot flashes. It’s also common for pre- and peri-menopausal women to enter premature menopause because of treatments like chemotherapy, which can also cause hot flashes.

Supportive treatment approaches

Supportive care utilises a holistic approach, focusing on:

• Physical recovery
• Emotional resilience
• Nutrition
• Mental well-being

These approaches make a real difference during treatment and throughout recovery.

Counselling and Psychological Support

Emotional and psychological support can be helpful during breast cancer treatment and recovery. There are various services available to assist with the mental and emotional challenges of breast cancer. For further information on resources, view our support services.

• Body image, self-esteem and intimacy: Treatment can lead to significant changes in a patient’s body, which may impact body image, self-esteem, sexuality, intimacy, and relationships. Having access to a supportive network and professional guidance can provide valuable psychological support during this time.
  • Learn more about mental health, body image & breast cancer.
  • Watch our Q&A Event that discusses the impact a diagnosis and subsequent treatment can have on a person’s sex life.

Psychosocial Support

• Psychosocial and peer support: Having access to a support system and being able to relate to others going through a similar experience, can help aid feelings of isolation and anxiety.

Nutritional Support

• Dietary guidance during treatment: Maintaining a balanced, nourishing diet can help support energy levels, immune function, and recovery. A dietitian can provide personalised advice to manage changes in appetite, taste, or nutrient absorption caused by treatment.
• Managing side effects related to digestion: Breast cancer treatment can cause appetite changes, constipation, or diarrhoea. Nutritional support plays a key role in addressing these symptoms, helping you stay as comfortable and well-nourished as possible throughout treatment.
• The role of diet and exercise in breast cancer care: Maintaining a balanced diet and staying active are key to managing health during and after treatment. Together, they can help reduce side effects, support recovery, and improve long-term outcomes. To learn more about their impact, watch our Q&A video on the impact of diet and exercise in breast cancer care.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

• Physical exercise programs: Tailored exercise plans can help rebuild strength, improve mobility, and boost energy levels during and after treatment. Learn more about the benefits of physical exercise.
• Encouraging participation in healthy lifestyle programs: As part of the Breast Cancer Trials Clinical Fellowship Program, Dr Cindy Tan is leading a project to better understand and improve how patients engage with diet and exercise programs after early-stage breast cancer treatment. The goal is to help more patients access and stick with lifestyle changes that support long-term health. Learn more about this research.
• Rehabilitation for side effects: Physical therapy and rehabilitation play an important role in recovery following procedures like sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary clearance than can cause side effects like cording after breast cancer. Rehabilitation can help improve shoulder and arm movement, reduce stiffness, and support the body’s healing process.

Is supportive care the same as palliative care?

This is a common question. While supportive care and palliative care both aim to improve comfort and quality of life, they are applied in different ways:

• Supportive care is useful at any stage of breast cancer, starting from the moment of diagnosis. It helps manage symptoms, support physical and emotional health, and improve overall wellbeing throughout treatment.
• Palliative care is more commonly associated with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. It focuses on easing pain and other symptoms when a cure is not possible, ensuring the patient remains as comfortable as possible. It also provides emotional and spiritual support for both the patient and their family.

Both types of care are important for managing symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life.

The role of clinical trials in advancing supportive care

Supportive care is an important area of breast cancer research. While much of the focus is on treating the cancer itself, there is also significant research aimed at improving patients’ wellbeing and reducing the impact of treatment. Areas that are being explored or may be investigated in future research include:

• Symptom management: Investigating better ways to manage breast cancer fatigue, pain, nausea, and hot flashes, helping patients stay comfortable during treatment.
• Measuring quality of life and general well-being: Conducting trials that measure how treatment side effects, such as fertility changes and chemotherapy symptoms, affect daily life is important for understanding where there are gaps in supportive care, and how interventions can be designed to improve quality of life and general well-being.
• Genetic and personalised supportive care: Investigating how genetics impact responses to treatments, aiming to provide more tailored treatment and prevention with fewer side effects.
  • The OlympiA Trial found that administering Olaparib tablets twice daily for one year, following local treatment then standard chemotherapy, improved overall survival rates in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
  • The BRCA-P Trial is an ongoing study evaluating the effectiveness of the drug Denosumab in reducing or preventing the risk of breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 gene mutation.

Why is supportive care research so important?

Supportive care is important because it focuses on the person as a whole—not just the breast cancer. It addresses the emotional, social, and physical challenges that come with treatment and recovery.

While the primary goal of breast cancer treatment is to manage the disease, the experience of living with breast cancer is equally significant. Supportive care ensures that individuals stay well, informed, and connected throughout their journey, helping them cope with the side effects and emotional toll of treatment.

Research in supportive care is just as important as discovering new treatments for breast cancer itself, as it aims to improve quality of life and the overall experience for those affected by the disease.

Donate today to support research that enhances the quality of life for those undergoing breast cancer treatment.

Breast cancer can be an overwhelming diagnosis; however, early detection plays a crucial role in improving outcomes and treatment success.

A question that is often asked, is Understanding what a cancer lump feels like can help in the early recognition of breast cancer. By becoming familiar with the typical characteristics of a breast cancer lump, you may be able to detect it earlier, which can lead to quicker diagnosis and more effective treatment options.

While not every lump in the breast is cancerous, knowing what to look for can help guide your next steps. If you discover a lump or any new unusual changes, it’s important to follow Cancer Australia’s guidelines and seek professional medical advice.

What is a breast lump?

A breast cancer lump typically presents with certain characteristics that may help differentiate it from other types of lumps. Understanding what a breast cancer lump feels like to touch is the first step in recognising potential issues. Common traits of a breast cancer lump include:

• Hard or firm texture: A cancerous lump is often firm or hard to the touch.
• Irregular shape: It may not be round or smooth; instead, it could feel uneven or jagged. It’s important to know your ‘normal’ shape to help monitor irregular changes.
• Fixed (not easily movable): Cancerous lumps are usually fixed in place and don’t move under the skin when touched.
• Painless in most cases: Most breast cancer lumps are painless, though some people may experience mild discomfort.
• Located in various areas: The lump may be in the breast or even in the underarm region.

Beyond the lump itself, there are several other signs and symptoms of breast cancer to be aware of:

For examples of skin texture changes and additional symptoms, view our article on breast cancer skin changes here.

It’s also important to consider other symptoms that may suggest breast cancer. Its common (and normal) for one breast to be slightly bigger than another. However, if you notice unevenness, a new skin rash or raised plaques on the breast, or a nipple that used to point out is now pulling in or retracting, it is recommended to seek professional medical advice. For more details on non-lump symptoms, you can refer to our breast cancer symptoms article.

Tamara’s Diagnosis and The Importance of Clinical Trials

Tamara Dawes was a participant in a clinical trial conducted by Breast Cancer Trials. Tamara discovered a lump due to her proactive approach to health checks and seeking medical advice when she noticed an unusual lump in her breast. Her decision to participate in a clinical trial was motivated by the opportunity to contribute to research and strengthen the data supporting future treatments. Tamara’s involvement was influenced by her desire to support the advancement of breast cancer treatments and help improve the side effects associated with treatments.

What to do if you find a lump in your breast?

If you discover a lump in your breast, it’s normal to feel concerned. However, it’s important not to panic. Here are the key steps you should follow:

1. Monitor: Monitor the lump you have found 3-4 weeks to see whether it changes.
2. Consult a doctor: Book a consult with your doctor and they will assess the lump to determine the next steps.
3. Imaging: Your doctor may recommend imaging tests, such as a mammogram or ultrasound, to get a clearer picture of the lump.
4. Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to confirm whether the lump is cancerous.

It’s important to remember that not all lumps are cancerous. In fact, many lumps are benign. However, it’s always best to seek a medical opinion when you notice unusual changes.

Breast cancer treatment and support

If diagnosed with breast cancer, there are several treatment options available, depending on the stage and type of cancer. These may include:

• Surgery: Often, surgery is required to remove the tumour or even the entire breast in more advanced cases.
• Radiation: This treatment uses x-rays to target and destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using medications to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
• Targeted therapy: This treatment targets specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth, offering a more tailored approach to treatment.
• Clinical trials: If eligible, your doctor may recommend participation in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are vital for advancing medical knowledge and discovering new treatments. Learn more about our open trials.

There are also numerous support resources available for those affected by breast cancer. From counselling services to support groups, there are ways to help manage the emotional and physical challenges that come with a diagnosis.

For more information on available resources, visit our resources for patients and families page.

Understanding what a breast cancer lump feels like can save lives

Recognising what a breast cancer lump feels like and noticing unusual changes in your breasts are important steps in improving the chances of early detection and successful treatment if breast cancer is diagnosed.

Cancer Australia recommends women of all ages to be aware of how their breasts look and feel, and to seek professional medical advice if anything unusual appears. Women aged 50-74 are invited to screen every two years and women over the age of 40 and 75 are welcome to screen, however a consult with a medical professional is advised.

You can help fund critical breast cancer research by donating to support continued advancements in early detection and treatments. Every contribution helps us ensure that no more lives are cut short by breast cancer.

Participation in our open clinical trials is critical for advancing medical knowledge and improving treatment options. Learn more about our current clinical trials programs.

FAQs

What is the most appropriate method for early detection?

The most appropriate methods for early detection of breast cancer include:

1. Breast awareness: This involves being familiar with the normal look and feel of your breasts so that you can notice any abnormal changes.
2. Clinical breast examination: A physical examination of the breasts by a healthcare professional to check for abnormalities.
3. Screening mammography: Regular mammograms for women aged 50-74 through BreastScreen Australia, the national screening program.

For more on these methods, check out Cancer Australia’s early detection resources.

What are the key warning signs of breast cancer?

Key warning signs of breast cancer include:

• A lump in the breast
• Nipple discharge
• Skin dimpling
• Changes in breast size or shape

For more details, visit our symptoms page.

What does stage 1 breast cancer feel like?

Stage 1 breast cancer is often characterised by a small, firm, and painless lump in the breast. It may not cause noticeable symptoms but can be detected by medical screening. For more information on the stages of breast cancer, visit our breast cancer stages page.

Can men have breast lumps?

Yes, men can develop breast cancer, although it is rare compared to women. Breast cancer in men accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers. Men may experience similar symptoms to women, such as a lump in breast or changes in the skin. For more information on male breast cancer, including statistics and symptoms, visit our male breast cancer page.

Breast Cancer Trials is dedicated to improving the lives of those affected by breast cancer. Through research and education, we help people better manage side effects and improve recovery. One such side effect that can occur after breast cancer surgery is cording.

Cording (also known as axillary web syndrome) can be an unexpected part of recovery, but with the right care, it can be managed effectively. Here’s what you need to know about breast cancer cording.

What is cording in breast cancer?

Cording, also known as axillary web syndrome, is a condition that can develop after breast cancer surgery, especially following lymph node removal or mastectomy. It’s characterised by the formation of tight, rope-like bands of tissue under the skin, most commonly around the underarm area.

Is cording, a sign of breast cancer? The answer is no, cording after breast cancer surgery is a typical side effect and is not an indication that the cancer has returned. It occurs due to disruption of the lymphatic system during surgery, which can cause the formation of these tight tissue bands.

Importantly, cording can appear anywhere from a few weeks to several months after surgery. While it can be uncomfortable, the good news is that cording is usually temporary. Its duration can vary, but with the right treatment and care, it is manageable and can improve significantly.

How painful is cording?

The pain associated with cording can vary depending on its severity. For some individuals, it may feel like mild tightness, while others may experience sharper pain, especially when attempting to move their arm or shoulder.

Cording can also impact your range of motion, making everyday activities such as dressing, lifting objects, or reaching overhead more difficult.

An important consideration is the link between cording and lymphoedema, which causes swelling in the arm, hand, or chest. While cording and lymphoedema share some overlapping symptoms, they are distinct conditions. Cording involves the tightening of tissue, often forming rope-like bands under the skin, while lymphoedema typically presents as swelling or a feeling of heaviness in the affected areas.

Despite their differences, both conditions can affect the arm and shoulder, leading to discomfort, restricted movement, and reduced mobility. It’s also possible for someone with cording to develop lymphedema at the same time, as both can result from disruption in the lymphatic system during surgery.

If you notice symptoms like swelling, a sensation of heaviness, or any other unusual changes along with cording, it’s important to speak to your doctor. They can help you determine if the symptoms are related to lymphedema and suggest the best course of treatment.

How do you get rid of cording?

The good news is that cording after breast cancer surgery can often be treated effectively with a combination of therapies. The key to improving mobility and reducing pain is to keep your joints and tissues mobile. Early rehabilitation and movement therapy are critical in breaking down the tight bands of tissue and helping to restore full range of motion to the affected arm.

Here are a few tips to help alleviate cording:

• Movement: Regular movement of the arms and shoulders is essential to keep muscles and tissues flexible, reducing the tightness associated with cording.
• Stretching exercises and physiotherapy: These play an important role in loosening the tissue and easing the discomfort. A physiotherapist can guide you through the best exercises for cording after breast cancer surgery to relieve tightness and improve flexibility.
• Massage therapy: Specialised techniques can help break down the tight bands of tissue and relieve the discomfort associated with cording.

In most cases, cording rarely returns once it’s properly treated. However, if you notice that the cording persists or worsens despite these efforts, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider for a more tailored treatment plan.

Should you be concerned about breast cancer recurrence?

It’s important to understand that cording after breast cancer surgery is not a sign of breast cancer recurrence. While cording can be uncomfortable and may cause concern, it is typically a temporary condition related to the surgical process, not a sign that the cancer has returned.

That said, regular screenings and follow-up check-ups are essential to monitor your recovery and ensure any potential issues are detected early. If you notice any unusual changes in your body or if you have concerns, don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare team.

For further support on managing fears related to breast cancer recurrence, you can read our blog: Easing the fear of breast cancer recurrence.

Breast Cancer Trials’ role in advancing breast cancer research and treatment

Breast Cancer Trials is at the forefront of advancing breast cancer research and improving the well-being of individuals affected by breast cancer. Breast Cancer Trials conduct clinical trials to test new and more effective treatments for managing the side effects of breast cancer treatment, as well as enhancing overall recovery.

If you’re interested in learning more about clinical trials, explore our current open trials.

To support our ongoing efforts, we encourage you to donate to support breast cancer research.

FAQs about breast cancer related cording

What are the early signs of cording?

One of the early signs of underarm cording breast cancer patients may experience is the appearance of visible or palpable tight cords under the skin, typically in the underarm. These cords may appear as one thick band or as several smaller, tighter bands running along the skin. In some cases, the cords can be felt as you move your arm or even when gently pressed on.

As well as the visual signs, you may experience some discomfort or a pulling sensation, especially when raising your arm or reaching. Cording can limit your arms range of motion and make everyday tasks like dressing or lifting objects more challenging.

If you notice any of these early signs, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional to help manage and treat cording early on.

How do you get rid of cording?

The most common ways to treat cording is through physiotherapy, specialised massage techniques, and stretching exercises. If you’re unsure about what’s best for you, it’s always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional.

Does cording (axillary web syndrome) mean I have cancer?

No, cording does not mean that you have cancer. It’s a common side effect of breast cancer surgery, especially after lymph node removal, and is not a sign of cancer returning.

What is lymphatic drainage therapy after breast cancer?

Lymphatic drainage is a type of massage therapy designed to improve the flow of lymph fluid, reduce swelling, and manage conditions like lymphedema. It’s especially useful for people who have had breast cancer surgery or lymph node removal.

What are the symptoms of lymphoedema in breast cancer patients?

Symptoms of lymphoedema include swelling in the arm, chest, or hand, as well as feelings of heaviness, tightness, or aching. Early intervention and treatment can help prevent complications such as infections.

Can you experience cording without breast cancer?

Yes, although cording is mostly associated with breast cancer surgery, it can also happen in people without breast cancer. This can occur due to other surgeries, infections, or trauma to the lymphatic system.

If you’re dealing with cording after breast cancer, don’t hesitate to seek out support, whether that’s through physiotherapy, massage, or other treatments.

For many women, the worry that a breast cyst may turn out to be cancer can be overwhelming. However, it’s important to understand that breast cysts are generally non-cancerous and rarely develop into cancer.

While it’s highly unlikely for a breast cyst to become cancerous, breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a breast cyst, especially when the lump appears complex or has unusual characteristics when it is scanned using ultrasound or with other types of imaging. This is why it’s crucial to get any unusual lumps checked by a healthcare professional and to follow up with further tests if necessary.

What is a breast cyst?

A breast cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the breast tissue. These cysts are common and usually non-cancerous. Women aged 35-50 are most likely to experience breast cysts, although they can occur at any age.

Breast cysts may feel like smooth, round lumps, and they can be tender, particularly around your menstrual cycle. They’re generally benign, meaning non-cancerous, but it’s still important to get them checked.

A breast cyst may also be completely asymptomatic, and therefore unable to be felt. They are diagnosed with ultrasound or other types of medical imaging.

For those at higher risk of breast cancer without any symptoms (like a lump), tools like iPrevent can be helpful in assessing your personal risk and deciding when to seek screening.

Heidi’s Story

Heidi’s experience began during a routine check-up after a friend was diagnosed with breast cancer in her early 40s. With free mammograms available every two years for women aged 40 and over, it is recommended that women between the ages of 50-74 be proactive and schedule a free mammogram. Women under 40 can also book a mammogram, but it will be a paid service based on a consultation with their doctor.

Her story reinforces the need for vigilance and proactive health checks, particularly when something doesn’t feel right.

Can a cyst in your breast turn into breast cancer?

One of the biggest concerns women have is: Can a cyst in your breast turn into breast cancer? The simple answer is no. Breast cysts are benign and do not turn into breast cancer.

That’s why it’s important to be diligent about checking any breast changes. If you have a lump that you believe is a cyst, especially one that feels different or has grown, it’s essential to have it checked out.  Tools like iPrevent can be helpful in assessing your personal risk and deciding when to seek screening.

While breast cysts are no more likely to turn into breast cancer than any other part of the breast, if you’re at higher risk of developing breast cancer, it’s always a good idea to get an assessment from your doctor.

Can a cyst turn out to be cancer?

A simple cyst will not turn into cancer. If there are unusual features such as those seen in a complex cyst, further tests may be required, and the opinion of a medical professional is highly recommended.

While most breast cysts are benign and not cancerous, it’s understandable to wonder if a cyst can turn out to be cancer. Diagnostic tools like mammograms, ultrasounds and in some cases, biopsies, help doctors determine whether a cyst is benign or cancerous.

It’s important to remember that breast cysts themselves do not turn into cancer, but in certain cases, further testing may be required to rule out breast cancer. If a cyst changes in size, shape, or texture, it should always be re-evaluated by a medical professional.

Can breast cancer be misdiagnosed as a cyst?

Breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a cyst, especially when a lump has characteristics that mimic a breast cyst. Complex cysts, which have both fluid and solid components, may look similar to cancerous lumps on imaging tests.

What are the odds of a comples breast cyst being cancerous?

Certain types of breast cancer, such as invasive lobular carcinoma, can sometimes be mistaken for a breast cyst, particularly when the cyst is complex.

Imaging techniques such as mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs play an important role in helping to avoid misdiagnosis. While complex breast cysts can raise concerns, it’s important to remember that most of them are benign.

Though complex breast cysts are often non-cancerous, the role of medical research is essential in improving diagnostic accuracy. Breast cancer can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a cyst, especially if the cyst changes in size, shape, or feel, but this is very rare.

Ongoing medical research and advances in imaging technology continue to improve our understanding of such cases. It’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider for appropriate tests and evaluations.

References:

1. Health.com: Can breast cancer be misdiagnosed as a cyst? (https://www.health.com/condition/breast-cancer/doctors-misdiagnosed-the-lump-in-my-breast-and-it-turned-out-to-be-stage-3-breast-cancer)

What is triple-positive breast cancer?

Triple-positive breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer that accounts for about 10% of all breast cancer diagnoses. It is characterised by the presence of three key protein receptors on or within the cancer cells:

1. Oestrogen receptor (ER)
2. Progesterone receptor (PR)
3. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)

These receptors play a significant role in the growth and behaviour of this subtype of breast cancer. When these proteins are present, the tumour cells may be more sensitive to certain types of treatment.

Characteristics of triple-positive breast cancer receptors

• Oestrogen receptor (ER) positive: The oestrogen receptor is a protein found on certain breast cancer cells. When oestrogen, a hormone, attaches to this receptor, it signals the cancer cell to grow.
• Progesterone receptor (PR) positive: The progesterone receptor is another protein found on certain breast cancer cells. The progesterone receptor works with the oestrogen receptor to fuel cancer cell growth.
• HER2-positive: HER2-positive means the cancer cells have an abnormally high number of HER2 genes, resulting in an overproduction of the HER2 protein on the surface of the cell. This also fuels cancer cell growth.

How it differs from other types of breast cancer

Triple-positive breast cancer is a subtype that has all three key receptors: oestrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and the HER2 receptors. These proteins can be targeted with treatments to help stop the growth and division of these breast cancer cells. On the other hand, triple-negative breast cancer lacks all three proteins, making it harder to treat.

Additionally, HER2-negative breast cancers do not overexpress the HER2 gene or receptor.

Triple-positive breast cancer treatment

Treatment for triple-positive breast cancer is often a multi-pronged approach, incorporating several types of therapy. These treatments are designed to target the specific receptors and characteristics of the breast cancer, offering the best chance for a favourable outcome.

Standard treatment options

Because triple-positive breast cancer has all three proteins, it can be treated effectively with a range of therapies, including:

• Hormone therapy: Medications such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors are used to block the action of oestrogen or lower its levels in the body.
• HER2-targeted therapy: Drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin) and pertuzumab (Perjeta) specifically target the HER2 receptor, stopping the breast cancer cells from growing.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used for tumours to reduce the risk of the cancer returning and spreading, or when targeted treatments may not be sufficient.
• Surgery and radiation therapy: For localised breast cancer, surgery to remove the tumour or affected tissue is a common treatment, often followed by radiation to eliminate and potential breast cancer cells that may remain.

Breast Cancer Trials has made significant contributions to improved treatments for breast cancer, including:

• Trastuzumab (Herceptin) – the HERA clinical trial
• Tamoxifen – the IBIS-I clinical trial
• Aromatase Inhibitors – the BIG 1-98 clinical trial

Personalised treatment plans

Every individual’s treatment plan is tailored to their specific diagnosis, which can vary based on the breast cancer’s molecular makeup, breast cancer stage, and overall health of the individual. Personalising treatment ensures the most effective therapies are chosen to manage the disease.

New treatments for triple-positive breast cancer

Research into new treatment options for triple-positive breast cancer is ongoing, with developments in targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These innovations are aimed at making treatments even more effective while reducing side effects.

A study has identified four distinct subtypes of triple-positive breast cancer, each with unique characteristics and potential treatment options. For some patients, combining multiple HER2-targeting drugs works best, while others may benefit from treatments that block both estrogen and HER2, along with additional targeted therapies.

One subtype could respond well to immune-boosting treatments, while another might require drugs that target specific cell pathways within cancer cells.

By continuing to improve the way in which we classify breast cancers on an individual basis, there is increased hope for more tailored, effective treatments to be delivered, improving outcomes for patients with this type of breast cancer.

Learn more about our recent research results:

• The PATINA clinical trial – This trial explored the benefit of Palbociclib in combination with HER2 targeting agents Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab as well as endocrine therapy in triple-positive breast cancer.
• The DIAmOND clinical trial – This trial tests if adding two immunotherapy drugs to Herceptin improves outcomes for people with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
• The TUGETHER clinical trial – This trial explores using tucatinib and pembrolizumab to treat advanced HER2-positive breast cancer that has returned or spread after previous treatments.

Triple-positive breast cancer prognosis

The prognosis for triple-positive breast cancer can be influenced by a range of factors, including age, tumour stage, and how well the breast cancer responds to treatment. Generally, triple-positive breast cancers tend to have a more favourable prognosis compared to other breast cancer types, due to their sensitivity to targeted treatments.

Factors influencing survival outcomes

• Age: Younger women may face different challenges than older women due to factors like hormone sensitivity and how the body responds to treatments including side effects.
• Stage of cancer: Increasing cancer stages indicate more advanced disease. Cancer staging is based on both the nature of the primary tumour and the locations of spread, including to nearby lymph glands. While higher stage cancers are more challenging to treat, advances in therapies have greatly improved outcomes.
• Response to treatment: Triple-positive breast cancer can respond well to targeted treatments like hormone therapy and HER2-targeted therapy. They may also respond well to non-targeted treatment such as chemotherapy. For example, hormone therapy blocks oestrogen or progesterone, HER2-targeted therapy focuses on the HER2 protein, and chemotherapy works by killing rapidly dividing cells. When the cancer responds effectively to these therapies, the prognosis is usually more favourable.

Advancements in survival rates

Ongoing research is helping improve survival outcomes, with some patients being cured of their cancer thanks to advancements in targeted treatments and personalised care.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the five-year survival rate for stage 1 (early) breast cancer is on average 100%, while stage 2 is 95%. For locally advanced breast cancer (known as stage 3 triple-positive breast cancer), the five-year survival rate is 81% and the five-year survival rate for stage 4 or metastatic breast cancer is 32%.

Patients with triple-positive breast cancer who respond well to treatment, have excellent five-year survival rates.

Triple-positive breast cancer recurrence rate and long-term outlook

The recurrence rate of triple-positive breast cancer depends on factors such as treatment response and breast cancer stage.

Long-term follow-up and monitoring are crucial for detecting early signs of recurrence, ensuring timely intervention.

Triple-positive breast cancer survival rate

With targeted therapies, the prognosis for triple-positive breast cancer is generally favourable, though it depends on many factors. An excellent four-year survival rate is achievable for patients with triple-positive breast cancer who respond well to treatment.

According to a study by Naida Howlader, the highest survival rate was observed in women with the HR+/HER2− subtype, with a 92.5% survival rate at four years. This was followed by HR+/HER2+ at 90.3%, and HR−/HER2+ at 82.7%.

Recurrence rate and long-term outlook

Effective treatment reduces the rate of recurrence for triple-positive breast cancer. For many, the first five years post-treatment are critical for long-term survival and those in remission during this time often have a positive outlook.

Factors influencing recurrence

• Response to targeted therapy: Patients who receive effective targeted therapies are less likely to experience recurrence.
• Ongoing monitoring: Long-term follow-up is essential to detect any early signs of recurrence, ensuring timely intervention.

Emerging and new treatments

In the field of breast cancer research, continuous advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy have shown great promise for treating many cancers. Notably, combination treatments and new HER2-directed therapies as being developed.

There are also HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugates that aim to deliver a chemotherapy or radioisotope payload towards a HER2 expressing cell, offering more personalised and effective options for patients.

Staying informed

For the latest information on new treatments for triple-positive breast cancer, you can refer to reputable sources such as Cancer Australia. This platform provides updates on research, clinical trials, and new therapies.

Latest advancements

Emerging therapies focus on improving the precision of treatments and medicine, while ensuring the treatment plan is tailored to personalised needs. These advancements include:

• Immunotherapies and the Panacea Clinical Trial
• Trends in surgery de-escalation
• Surgical techniques
• Hormone therapy
• Targeted therapies.

Breast Cancer Trials’ Role in advancing research

Breast Cancer Trials plays an important role in leading research and testing innovative trials for breast cancer. Their commitment to advancing clinical trials ensures that patients have access to the latest therapies, providing them with hope and improved outcomes.

Genetic and hereditary factors

Genetic factors can influence a person’s risk of developing triple-positive breast cancer. Testing for mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations can help assess the risk and provide information on personalised prevention strategies.

The role of genetic testing

Genetic testing can guide treatment decisions and risk assessment, especially for patients with a family history of breast cancer. Genetic counselling can help individuals understand their test results and the implications for their health and family.

Support Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a leader in advancing breast cancer research by funding crucial clinical trials aimed at testing new treatments and improving patient outcomes. Through this research, Breast Cancer Trials is helping to shape future treatments for triple-positive breast cancer and other subtypes, providing valuable insights that drive progress in the field.

Breast Cancer Trials also offers opportunities for patients to support or participate in this research. Whether you choose to donate or take part in a trial, your involvement helps move research forward so no more lives are cut short by breast cancer.

References:

1. Nature: Molecular classification of hormone receptor-positive /HER2-positive breast cancer reveals potential neoadjuvant therapeutic strategies (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02181-3)
2. MD Anderson Center: What is triple-positive breast cancer? 6 insights (https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-triple-positive-breast-cancer–6-insights.h00-159622590.html)
3. American Assosicaton for Cancer Research: Differences in Breast Cancer Survival by Molecular Subtypes in the United States (https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article/27/6/619/71580/Differences-in-Breast-Cancer-Survival-by-Molecular)
4. Cancer Australia: Diagnosis of early breast cancer (https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/how-breast-cancer-diagnosed/diagnosis-early-breast-cancer)

Breast cancer and alcohol have long been linked and understanding how alcohol affects breast cancer risk is essential for individuals seeking to make informed lifestyle choices.

Cancer Australia states that alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in all women and women who drink one standard glass of alcohol per day, have a 7% higher risk of breast cancer, compared to women who never drink alcohol.

The World Health Organization (WHO) advises that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer increases with each unit of alcohol consumed per day.

Breast Cancer Trials (BCT) conducted a Q&A event on the role and impact of diet and exercise in breast cancer, which included a discussion on the risk factors caused by alcohol.

Does alcohol cause breast cancer?

Alcohol consumption contributes to the development of breast cancer. Cancer Australia estimates that nearly 6% of breast cancer cases each year in Australia are due to alcohol consumption.

Cancer Research UK highlights three main reasons why there is a link between alcohol and breast cancer:

• When we drink alcohol, it’s broken down into a toxic chemical called acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can damage the DNA inside our cells and then prevent this damage from being repaired. This is important because it allows cancer to develop.
• Alcohol can increase the levels of certain hormones in the body, including oestrogen. We know that high levels of oestrogen can fuel the development of breast cancer, which is an important factor to keep in mind.
• Alcohol also makes it easier for cells in the mouth and throat to absorb other cancer-causing chemicals. This is probably more important for other cancer types linked to alcohol rather than breast cancer.

There have been many studies that have confirmed the link between alcohol and breast cancer, which are contained in a Cancer Australia report titled ‘Risk factors for breast cancer: A review of the evidence 2018.’ It includes evidence from:

• The International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012), who concluded that there is ‘sufficient evidence’ that ‘alcohol consumption causes cancer of the breast.’
• Alcohol and breast cancer risk new findings include a 2018 research project by the World Cancer Research Fund International and the American Institute for Cancer Research shed important light on this connection. The study, which analysed evidence from 62 separate studies, highlights the growing body of research linking alcohol consumption to an increased risk of breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Trials encourages individuals to assess their breast cancer risk using tools like iPrevent.

How much does alcohol increase breast cancer risk?

The connection between alcohol and breast cancer risk is dose-dependent, meaning the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of developing breast cancer. Studies indicate that for every additional 10 grams of alcohol (roughly one standard drink) consumed per day, the risk of breast cancer increases by 7% (National Cancer Institute).

Even light drinking, up to one standard drink a day, has been linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer. It is suggested that there is no safe threshold for alcohol consumption regarding breast cancer risk. It’s essential for individuals to understand that alcohol and breast cancer are strongly connected, and reducing alcohol consumption can help lower this risk.

Research by Turning Point Australia suggests that 1 in 15 breast cancer cases and 1 in 5 breast cancer deaths in Australia are linked to alcohol consumption. For more information on ways to reduce breast cancer risk, including through lifestyle changes, visit our article on  breast cancer prevention.

Which type of breast cancer is linked to alcohol?

Cancer Australia states that alcohol may increase breast cancer risk in a number of ways, including helping cancer-causing molecules to enter cells or damaging cell DNA.

The connection between alcohol and breast cancer is strongest with hormone receptor-positive cancers, such as oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers. These cancers are influenced by oestrogen, and alcohol can raise oestrogen levels in the body, which may assist these cancers to grow. However, alcohol has also been linked to oestrogen receptor-negative (ER−) breast cancers. This means that even if a cancer isn’t fuelled by oestrogen, alcohol can still increase the breast cancer risk (PubMed Central).

Alcohol and breast cancer risk after menopause

Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of breast cancer for all women.

Alcohol intake is linked to an increased risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, which are more common after menopause. What makes this even more complex is the interaction between oestrogen based hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and alcohol. Some women use HRT to manage menopausal symptoms. Since alcohol can also raise oestrogen, the combination can further increase the risk of developing oestrogen-sensitive breast cancers.

It’s important to understand how these factors can work together when considering your health choices.

For more information on hormone replacement therapy and its potential impact on breast cancer, you can check out the resources provided by Breast Cancer Trials here.

Alcohol and breast cancer recurrence

For women who have had breast cancer, alcohol consumption can affect the risk of cancer returning. Drinking alcohol raises oestrogen levels, which can fuel the growth of oestrogen-sensitive breast cancers. This can increase the chances of recurrence, particularly for women in remission or those with hormone-receptor positive cancers.

It’s important for those in remission to understand how alcohol and breast cancer recurrence are connected. By limiting alcohol intake, individuals can reduce the risk of cancer returning and help maintain the effectiveness of treatments like oestrogen blocking medications.

What patients need to know about drinking alcohol with cancer

If you’re undergoing breast cancer treatment, it’s important to understand how alcohol might affect your treatment and overall health. Alcohol can interact with many cancer medications, in some cases decreasing their effectiveness or increasing side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and liver toxicity. In addition, drinking alcohol while undergoing treatment can weaken your immune system, leaving you more vulnerable to infections – something that’s especially concerning when your body is already under stress from cancer treatment.

If you’re receiving treatment for breast cancer, it’s essential to have a conversation with your oncologist about alcohol consumption. They can help you understand the potential interactions and guide you on how to manage alcohol intake safely during treatment.

The role of Breast Cancer Trials in advancing research

Breast Cancer Trials is at the forefront of advancing treatments for breast cancer, through clinical trials research.  For more than 45 years, we have conducted a national and international clinical trials research program into the treatment, prevention and cure of breast cancer.

All treatments currently used in the clinic in Australia and New Zealand, have undergone a clinical trial to ensure efficiency and safety of patients. Some examples of cancer care milestones that have been achieved through clinical trials research are:

• Chemotherapy and hormone treatment which are effective for preventing breast cancer recurrence and can save lives.
• Mammograms which save lives through early detection of disease.
• Surgical procedures such as lumpectomies which enable surgeons to safely remove the cancer whilst preserving the breast.
• Drug treatments such as Tamoxifen which can prevent breast cancer in women with an increased risk of developing the disease.
• Personalised and targeted treatments which enables a specific cancer type to be targeted with a treatment that can improve patient outcomes substantially.

FAQs

Is there cancer risk from alcohol consumption?

Yes, there is a strong link between alcohol and breast cancer and each additional drink increases your likelihood of developing breast cancer. Even light drinking can increase risk.

Research from the Cancer Council Australia indicates that alcohol is a known carcinogen and contributes to the development of various cancers, including breast cancer.

Does quitting drinking reduce breast cancer risk?

Yes, quitting drinking can reduce the risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption is causally linked to several cancers, including breast cancer.

No amount of alcohol is entirely risk-free when it comes to cancer, and reducing alcohol intake can help lower this risk. “Even drinking small amounts of alcohol increases the risk of cancer, and the more you drink, the greater the risk” (Cancer Council).

It’s advisable for individuals undergoing treatments to consult with their healthcare providers regarding alcohol consumption. Healthcare providers can offer personalised guidance based on the latest research and the individual’s specific health context.

Sources:

1. Alcohol and Drug Foundation: Alcohol and breast cancer (https://adf.org.au/insights/alcohol-breast-cancer/)
2. Cancer Research UK: Alcohol and breast cancer – how big is the risk? (https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2017/05/25/alcohol-and-breast-cancer-how-big-is-the-risk/)
3. Cancer Australia report titled “Risk factors for breast cancer: A review of the evidence 2018” (https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia-publications/risk-factors-breast-cancer-review-evidence-2018)
4. Cancer Council Australia: Alcohol use, awareness and support for policy measures (https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Community-Survey-on-Cancer-Prevention-Alcohol-Short-Report-2022.pdf)
5. Cancer Council: Alcohol and Cancer (https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/cancer-prevention/alcohol/alcohol-and-cancer)
6. PubMed Central: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor status: in a pooled analysis of 20 studies (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5005939/)
7. Turning Point Australia: Do the women you care about know that alcohol can cause breast cancer? (https://www.turningpoint.org.au/about-us/news/reduce-breast-cancer-cases)
8. National Cancer Institute: Alcohol and Cancer Risk (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet)

About Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a world-leading research organisation dedicated to advancing breast cancer treatments through groundbreaking clinical trials, ensuring the most accurate and up-to-date information on skin changes and other breast cancer symptoms.

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Skin Changes: A Breast Cancer Symptom

Breast cancer can cause visible skin changes due to the underlying tumour affecting the skin, blood vessels and the lymphatic system. It’s important to recognise unusual skin changes and discuss any concerns you may have with your GP.

Common types of breast cancer skin changes

Skin changes that may indicate breast cancer can include: 

• redness, 
• dimpling, 
• thickening of the skin on the breast or underarm, 
• ulceration, 
• scaliness, 
• persistent itching, 
• nipple retraction, darkening or discoloration, and the 
• development ofinflammation, open sores or non-healing wounds.

Changes to skin texture in breast cancer

Some of the following skin changes on breast cancer can occur:

• Skin ulceration and open sores: Advanced breast cancer can invade the skin, causing ulcers or open wounds that may not heal. This is commonly known as a ‘Fungating Breast Tumour’. This type of tumour emerges when the cancerous mass breaks through the skin, resulting in the formation of a wound and can lead to bleeding, oozing, or infection.
• Nipple and areola changes: Cancer can cause the nipple to flatten, retract, or become inverted. Skin around the nipple may become scaly, flaky, or develop a rash, which could indicate Paget’s disease of the breast, a rare type of breast cancer.
• Skin discoloration: The breast skin may turn red, purplish, or darker due to cancer-related inflammation or blood vessel damage.
• Firm, raised lumps under the skin: Cancer can form hard, immobile lumps under the skin, sometimes causing an uneven or bumpy surface. Some describe this bumpy surface like orange peel skin on the breast.
• Itching or burning: Some breast cancers, especially inflammatory breast cancer, can cause persistent itching or irritation similar to an infection, but does not improve with antibiotics.

Examples of breast cancer skin changes

It’s important to see your doctor if you notice any of the below skin changes or breast cancer symptoms:

• discharge from the nipple, 
• growth of the veins,
• pulling on puckering of the skin under the tumor,
• redness, hot skin, swelling,
• a recess,
• resizing of the breast or obvious asymmetry,
• thinning of the breast skin,
• retraction of the skin on the chest,
• destruction of the skin.

Additional breast cancer symptoms accompanying skin changes

In addition to skin changes, breast cancer symptoms can include:

• breast pain, 
• nipple discharge, 
• a deep or hard lump, 
• changes in breast size or shape, 
• a feeling of heaviness or tightness, 
• fatigue, 
• unexplained weight loss, and 
• bone pain.

Holistic symptom awareness for breast cancer involves understanding the physical, emotional and lifestyle-related changes that might indicate underlying issues. This includes:

• Body Awareness: Understanding what is ‘normal’ for you in terms of breast shape, size, and how it might fluctuate over time. Also noticing any tenderness, changes in colour or irregular lumps.
• Mind-Body Connection: Noticing persistent fatigue, stress, or emotional shifts that may signal underlying health concerns.
• Pain and Sensation Tracking: Paying attention to subtle, persistent discomfort, deep aches, or unexplained heaviness in the breast or body.
• Energy and Well-Being Monitoring: Recognising unexplained weight loss, decreased energy levels, or prolonged feelings of imbalance.
• Lymphatic and Circulatory Awareness: Being mindful of swelling in the armpits, neck, or breasts, which could indicate lymph node involvement.
• Intuitive Health Checks: Trusting gut instincts when something feels “off” and seeking medical attention even in the absence of obvious symptoms.

Monitoring and understanding breast cancer skin changes

Skin changes, such as redness, dimpling, thickening, or ulceration, can be early warning signs of breast cancer. These symptoms may indicate underlying tumour growth or lymphatic blockage, requiring prompt medical attention.

Breast cancer symptoms may also include lumps, nipple discharge, persistent pain, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Being aware of subtle changes in the body and discussing these with your GP is essential for early detection.Regular clinical check-ups and mammograms increase the chances of detecting breast cancer early, when it’s most treatable.

Understand your personal breast cancer risk

Using risk assessment tools, like our free iPrevent online tool, can help you understand your personal risk and take preventive action.

About Breast Cancer Trials

Breast Cancer Trials is a world-leading research organisation dedicated to advancing breast cancer treatments through groundbreaking clinical trials, ensuring the most accurate and up-to-date information on skin changes and other breast cancer symptoms. 

Sign up to our newsletter to stay up to date with the latest breakthroughs.